MC Bio 205 ch 18 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
functions of blood | transportation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste products | regulation of body temp, pH, and water content of cells | protection against injury + disease |
physical characteristics of blood | temp: 38C, slightly higher than body temp | high O2 = bright red/low O2 = dark red |
gross composition of blood | 45% formed elements, 55% plasma |
ratio of formed elements | >99% RBCs | <1% WBCs |
composition of plasma | 91.5% water | 7% proteins | 1.5% solutes other than proteins (electrolytes, nutrients, gases, hormones, enzymes, vitamins, waste products) |
albumins | the most plentiful plasma protein (54% of all plasma proteins) | F/maintaining proper blood osmotic pressure |
globulins | plasma proteins (38% of all plasma proteins) | family includes immunoglobulins, aka antibodies |
fibrinogen | comprises 7% of all plasma proteins | F/assists clotting |
hematocrit | the proportion of total blood volume comprised by RBCs | normal range for adult women: 38-46% | for men: 40-54% |
erythropoietin | the hormone that stimulates production of RBCs |
anemia | an abnormally low level of RBCs |
polycythemia | an abnormally high level of RBCs |
hemopoiesis | the production of formed elements | occurs in red bone marrow |
two first-generation children of pluripotent stem cells | myeloid stem cells (which stay in marrow and produce RBCs and most WBCs) and lymphoid stem cells (which end their lives in lymph nodes and produce T cells and B cells) |
precursor cells | derive from myeloid and lymphoid stem cells | over several cell divisions, develop into a specific type of formed element |
hemoglobin | the oxygen-carrying protein in RBCs | each RBC carries approx 280 million hemoglobin molecules |
erythrocytes | red blood cells | A/biconcave discs, 8 micrometers in diameter | SA/no nucleus |
globin | the large protein that is the largest part of a hemoglobin molecule | it has 4 polypeptide chains |
heme | a ringlike nonprotein pigment with an iron ion at the center | each hemoglobin molecule has 4 |
how RBCs die | after approx 120 days, they rupture | then are broken down by macrophages in spleen and liver | globin broken down into amino acids |
transferrin | a plasma protein that transports iron ions to the red bone marrow, where they are used by RBC precursors to synthesize hemoglobin |
bilirubin | a yellow-orange pigment, converted from the non-iron portions of broken-down heme | enters the liver, where it becomes bile |
erythropoiesis | the process of RBC formation | governed by a negative feedback loop | when hypoxia occurs, kidneys release more erythropoietin |
proethyroblast | the earliest RBC precursor cell |
reticulocyte | the last RBC precursor cell | has no nucleus | leaves the marrow and enters bloodstream |
hypoxia | cellular oxygen deficiency |
antigen | [contraction of "antibody generator"] | a substance that has immunogenicity (the ability to provoke an immune response) and reactivity (the ability to react with the cells or antibodies that result from the immune response) |
antigens and antibodies in the ABO blood group | e.g., if you have Type A blood, you have A antigens on the surfaces of your RBCs, and you have anti-B antibodies in your plasma |
agglutination | clumping of RBCs | occurs after incompatible blood transfusions |
two broad categories of WBC | granular WBCs and agranular WBCs |
three major types of granular WBCs | eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils |
eosinophils | comprise 2-4% of all WBCs | A/visible nucleus, often with 2 or 3 lobes | A/granules stain red-orange with acidic dyes |
functions of eosinophils | combat effects of histamine in allergic reactions | phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes | destroy certain parasitic worms |
basophils | comprise 0.5-1% of all WBCs | A/nucleus typically obscured by granules | A/granules stain purple with basic dyes |
functions of basophils | liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify the overall inflammatory response |
neutrophils | comprise 60-70% of all WBCs | A/has smaller granules that stain pale lilac | A/nucleus with several lobes |
functions of neutrophils | phagocytosis: destruction of bacteria with lysozyme, defensins, and strong oxidants |
two major types of agranular WBCs | lymphocytes and monocytes |
lymphocytes | 20-25% of all WBCs | include T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells | A/sky-blue cytoplasm forms a ring around the nucleus | A/sometimes small |
functions of lymphocytes | mediate immune responses, including antigen-antobody reactions | T cells attack viruses | B cells develop into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies | natural killer cells attack a variety of microbes and tumors |
monocytes | comprise 3-8% of all WBCs | A/large | A/horseshoe-shaped nucleus |
functions of monocytes | phagocytosis (after transforming into fixed or wandering macrophages) | they arrive at infections later than neutrophils, but they're more efficient |
what abnormal neutrophil counts might mean | high: bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation | low: radiation exposure, drug toxicity, B12 deficiency |
what abnormal lymphocyte counts might mean | high: viral infection, some leukemias | low: prolonged illness, immunosuppression |
what abnormal monocyte counts might mean | high: viral or fungal infection, tuberculosis, some leukemias | low: bone marrow suppression, treatment with cortisol |
what abnormal eonosophil counts might mean | high: allergic reactions, parasitic infection, autoimmune disease | low: drug toxicity, stress |
what abnormal basophil counts might mean | high: allergic reactions, leukemias, cancers, hypothyroidism | low: pregnancy, ovulation, hyperthyroidism |
emigration | departure of WBCs from bloodstream, through capillary walls (RBCs can't do this) |
chemotaxis | the chemical-signaling process by which phagocytes are attracted to pathogens and inflamed tissues |
defensins | proteins contained within neutrophils that exhibit a broad range of antibiotic activity against bacteria and fungi |
life span of WBCs | generally only a few days | only a few hours during infection | but some lymphocytes live for months or years |
platelets | aka thrombocytes | clear cell fragments derived from precursor megakaryocytes | per liter, fewer than RBCs but more than WBCs | F/form plugs to fill gaps in blood-vessel walls | F/assist in clotting |
hemostasis | sequence of responses that stops bleeding when blood vessels are injured |
vascular spasm | the first response in hemostasis | vessel walls contract |
thrombus | a clot in an unbroken blood vessel |
embolus | a blood clot, bubble of air, or piece of debris transported by the bloodstream |
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dglenn34
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