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MC Bio 205 ch 18
blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| functions of blood | transportation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste products | regulation of body temp, pH, and water content of cells | protection against injury + disease |
| physical characteristics of blood | temp: 38C, slightly higher than body temp | high O2 = bright red/low O2 = dark red |
| gross composition of blood | 45% formed elements, 55% plasma |
| ratio of formed elements | >99% RBCs | <1% WBCs |
| composition of plasma | 91.5% water | 7% proteins | 1.5% solutes other than proteins (electrolytes, nutrients, gases, hormones, enzymes, vitamins, waste products) |
| albumins | the most plentiful plasma protein (54% of all plasma proteins) | F/maintaining proper blood osmotic pressure |
| globulins | plasma proteins (38% of all plasma proteins) | family includes immunoglobulins, aka antibodies |
| fibrinogen | comprises 7% of all plasma proteins | F/assists clotting |
| hematocrit | the proportion of total blood volume comprised by RBCs | normal range for adult women: 38-46% | for men: 40-54% |
| erythropoietin | the hormone that stimulates production of RBCs |
| anemia | an abnormally low level of RBCs |
| polycythemia | an abnormally high level of RBCs |
| hemopoiesis | the production of formed elements | occurs in red bone marrow |
| two first-generation children of pluripotent stem cells | myeloid stem cells (which stay in marrow and produce RBCs and most WBCs) and lymphoid stem cells (which end their lives in lymph nodes and produce T cells and B cells) |
| precursor cells | derive from myeloid and lymphoid stem cells | over several cell divisions, develop into a specific type of formed element |
| hemoglobin | the oxygen-carrying protein in RBCs | each RBC carries approx 280 million hemoglobin molecules |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells | A/biconcave discs, 8 micrometers in diameter | SA/no nucleus |
| globin | the large protein that is the largest part of a hemoglobin molecule | it has 4 polypeptide chains |
| heme | a ringlike nonprotein pigment with an iron ion at the center | each hemoglobin molecule has 4 |
| how RBCs die | after approx 120 days, they rupture | then are broken down by macrophages in spleen and liver | globin broken down into amino acids |
| transferrin | a plasma protein that transports iron ions to the red bone marrow, where they are used by RBC precursors to synthesize hemoglobin |
| bilirubin | a yellow-orange pigment, converted from the non-iron portions of broken-down heme | enters the liver, where it becomes bile |
| erythropoiesis | the process of RBC formation | governed by a negative feedback loop | when hypoxia occurs, kidneys release more erythropoietin |
| proethyroblast | the earliest RBC precursor cell |
| reticulocyte | the last RBC precursor cell | has no nucleus | leaves the marrow and enters bloodstream |
| hypoxia | cellular oxygen deficiency |
| antigen | [contraction of "antibody generator"] | a substance that has immunogenicity (the ability to provoke an immune response) and reactivity (the ability to react with the cells or antibodies that result from the immune response) |
| antigens and antibodies in the ABO blood group | e.g., if you have Type A blood, you have A antigens on the surfaces of your RBCs, and you have anti-B antibodies in your plasma |
| agglutination | clumping of RBCs | occurs after incompatible blood transfusions |
| two broad categories of WBC | granular WBCs and agranular WBCs |
| three major types of granular WBCs | eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils |
| eosinophils | comprise 2-4% of all WBCs | A/visible nucleus, often with 2 or 3 lobes | A/granules stain red-orange with acidic dyes |
| functions of eosinophils | combat effects of histamine in allergic reactions | phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes | destroy certain parasitic worms |
| basophils | comprise 0.5-1% of all WBCs | A/nucleus typically obscured by granules | A/granules stain purple with basic dyes |
| functions of basophils | liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify the overall inflammatory response |
| neutrophils | comprise 60-70% of all WBCs | A/has smaller granules that stain pale lilac | A/nucleus with several lobes |
| functions of neutrophils | phagocytosis: destruction of bacteria with lysozyme, defensins, and strong oxidants |
| two major types of agranular WBCs | lymphocytes and monocytes |
| lymphocytes | 20-25% of all WBCs | include T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells | A/sky-blue cytoplasm forms a ring around the nucleus | A/sometimes small |
| functions of lymphocytes | mediate immune responses, including antigen-antobody reactions | T cells attack viruses | B cells develop into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies | natural killer cells attack a variety of microbes and tumors |
| monocytes | comprise 3-8% of all WBCs | A/large | A/horseshoe-shaped nucleus |
| functions of monocytes | phagocytosis (after transforming into fixed or wandering macrophages) | they arrive at infections later than neutrophils, but they're more efficient |
| what abnormal neutrophil counts might mean | high: bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation | low: radiation exposure, drug toxicity, B12 deficiency |
| what abnormal lymphocyte counts might mean | high: viral infection, some leukemias | low: prolonged illness, immunosuppression |
| what abnormal monocyte counts might mean | high: viral or fungal infection, tuberculosis, some leukemias | low: bone marrow suppression, treatment with cortisol |
| what abnormal eonosophil counts might mean | high: allergic reactions, parasitic infection, autoimmune disease | low: drug toxicity, stress |
| what abnormal basophil counts might mean | high: allergic reactions, leukemias, cancers, hypothyroidism | low: pregnancy, ovulation, hyperthyroidism |
| emigration | departure of WBCs from bloodstream, through capillary walls (RBCs can't do this) |
| chemotaxis | the chemical-signaling process by which phagocytes are attracted to pathogens and inflamed tissues |
| defensins | proteins contained within neutrophils that exhibit a broad range of antibiotic activity against bacteria and fungi |
| life span of WBCs | generally only a few days | only a few hours during infection | but some lymphocytes live for months or years |
| platelets | aka thrombocytes | clear cell fragments derived from precursor megakaryocytes | per liter, fewer than RBCs but more than WBCs | F/form plugs to fill gaps in blood-vessel walls | F/assist in clotting |
| hemostasis | sequence of responses that stops bleeding when blood vessels are injured |
| vascular spasm | the first response in hemostasis | vessel walls contract |
| thrombus | a clot in an unbroken blood vessel |
| embolus | a blood clot, bubble of air, or piece of debris transported by the bloodstream |
Created by:
dglenn34
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