Anatomy Vocab Ch 3 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
cells | made up of four elements, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen. building block of all life |
nucleus | inner core of the cell |
microvilli | projections on the cell surface that increase the size for quick absorption |
cytoplasm | the cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane, the site of most cellular activity |
cytosol | largely water, is the fluid that holds the organelles in the cytosplasm; transports materials around the cell |
inclusions | chemical substances that are determined by the specific cell type |
lysosomes | contain powerful digestive enzymes, digest worn-out or nonusable cell structures and foreign substances that enter the cell |
peroxisomes | detoxify harmful or poisonous stubstances, including alcohol and formaldehyde, disarm dangerous free radicals |
free radicals | highly reactive chemicals that can scramble the structure of proteins and nucleic acids |
golgi apparatus | sacs close to the cell nucleus that direct cellular proteins; packaging of proteins for export from the cell |
centrioles | generate microtubules and direct formation of the miotic spindle |
microtubules | determine the overall shape of a cell and distribution of organelles |
cytoskeleton | network of protein structures acting as cell bones and muscles, internal framework that determines cell shape |
plasma membrane | fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and protects from the environment |
chromatin | DNA and protein that is scattered throughout the nucleus |
chromosomes | rodlike bodies fromed from chomatin, passed on during reproduction |
generalized cell | the basic parts common to all cells |
nucleoli | sites where ribosomes are assembled |
organelle | specialized to carry out a specific function for the cell as a whole; little organ |
mitochondria | sausage shaped organelles, major site of ATP synthesis, providing energy for all cellular activity |
ribosomes | site of protein synthesis in the cell, manufacture proteins |
endoplasmic reticulum | system of fluid-filled canals that coil and twist thru the cytoplasm, about half of a cells membranes. carry proteins from one part of the cell to another. rough is studded with ribosomes, smooth is not. |
flagella | a cell that propels itself, as in the sperm cell |
cilia | whiplike cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface |
microfilaments | involved in cell motility and in producing changes in cell shape |
fibroblast cell | has rough ER and a large golgi apparatus; connect body parts |
erythrocyte cell | carries oxygen in the bloodstream (red blood cells) |
epithelial cell | packed in sheets, resists tearing when the epithelium is rubbed or pulled |
skeletal and smooth muscle cells | elongated and filled with contractile filaments; can shorten and move the bones or change the size of internal organs |
fat cell | produced by a large lipid droplet in cytoplasm |
macrophage (or phagocyte) | crawls through tissue to reach infection sites; lysosomes within the cell digest the infectious microorganisms |
nerve cell | receive messages and transmit to other structures in the body |
oocyte | the largest cell in the body, the egg cell, when fertilized becomes an embryo |
sperm | a flagella, cell is long and streamlined, built for swimming to the egg for fertilization |
interstitial fluid | continuously bathes the exterior of the cells |
diffusion | process by which molecules and ions move away from a region where they are more concentrated |
osmosis | diffusion of water through a membrane |
filtration | process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrance by fluid or pressure |
exocytosis | moves substances out of the cell |
endocytosis | moves substances into the cell |
gland | one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product |
endocrine gland | ductless gland, secretes hormones |
exocrine gland | secretes through the duct to the epithelial surface |
phagocytosis | the process of cell eating; white blood cells are phagocytes; scavenger cells that target and disgest bacteria and other foreign debris |
pinocytosis | process of cell gulping droplets of extracellular fluids containing dissolved proteins or fats |
passive process | is the substance soluble in the lipid portion of the membranne |
cytokinesis | division of cytoplasm |
mitosis | formation of two nuclei with the same genes; DNA replication precendes mitosis; four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
RNA | 3 forms play a role in protein synthesis; transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA |
epithelial tissue | the lining, covering, glandular tissue of the body |
apical surface | exposed to the body's exterior or to cavity of interal organs |
basement membrane | lowest surface of the epithelium, structureless material secreted by epithelial cells and connective tissue |
simple epithelium | one layer of moving cells |
stratified epithelium | more than one cell layer |
simple squamous epithelium | single layer of this squamous cells resting on basement membrane |
simple cuboidal epithelium | one layer of cuboidal cells resting on basement membrane, common in glands |
simple columnar epithelium | single layer of tall cells that fit closely together; goblet cells are common in this layer |
pseudostratified columnar epithelium | some cells are shorter than others and nuclei appear at differnt heights, gives false impression that it is stratified |
stratified squamous epithelium | most common, consists of several layers of cells; found in sites of abuse or friction |
stratified cuboidal and stratified columnar | fairly rare in the body, found mainly in the ducts of large glands |
transitional epithelium | highly modified, statified squamous epithelium, form lining of a few organs; have the ability to slide past one another and change their shape |
connective tissue | protect, support and bind together other body tissues |
bone | osseous tissue composed of bone cells sitting in cavities called lacunae, containing calcium and collagen fibers |
cartilage | flexible, found in a few places in the body |
hyaline cartilage | has abundant collagen fibers hidden by a rubbery matrix with glassy appearance; by the time baby is born, most of this cartilage is replaced by bone |
fibrocartilage | cushionlike disks between vertebrae of the spine |
elastic cartilage | found where structure with elasticity is desired |
dense connective tissue | collegen fibers are its main matrix element; tendons, ligaments |
loose connective tissue | softer and have more cells and fewer fibers than any connective tissue type except blood |
aerolar tissue | most widely distributed connective tissue, cushions and protects the body organs |
adipose tissue | fat, sometimes called signet ring cells because of the way the tissue looks; forms the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin, insulating the skin |
reticular connective tissue | interwoven fibers forming the stroma or internal framework, supporting many free blood cells in lymphoid organs |
vascular tissue | blood; considered connective tissue because is consists of blood cells surrounded by nonliving fluid matrix of blood plasma |
skeletal muscle | packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs, are attached to the skeleton |
smooth (visceral) muscle | no striations are visible; individual cells are single nucleus and spindle-shaped; found in walls of hollow organs; contract more slowly than other two muscle types |
cardiac muscle | only in the heart; contracts the heart and propels blood through the vessels |
nervous tissue | neurons receiving and conducting eletrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another |
regeneration | tissue repair by replacement of destroyed tissue by the same type of cell |
fibrosis | tissue repair by dense connective tissue that forms scar tissue |
granulation tissue | delicate pink tissue composed largely of new capillaries that grow into the damaged area from undamaged blood vessels |
neoplasm | new growth, abnormal mass of cells |
neoplasia | abnormal cell mass that grows without control |
atrophy | decrease in size due to unuse |
active process | whether the proper carrier proteins are present in the membrane and in what amount |
hyperplasia | enlargement of body tissues or organs due to an increase in cell number |
dysplasia | abnormal development of tissue or organs |
ciliated epithelium | found in the respiratory system, prevents debris from entering the passageways; also in reproductive where it acts to move sex cells long the duct passageways |
functional abilities | able to metabolize, divide, grow, respond to stimuli, digest nutrients, move and excrete wastes |
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