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Anatomy Vocab Ch 3
Anatomy Vocab Ch 3 Marieb
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cells | made up of four elements, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen. building block of all life |
| nucleus | inner core of the cell |
| microvilli | projections on the cell surface that increase the size for quick absorption |
| cytoplasm | the cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane, the site of most cellular activity |
| cytosol | largely water, is the fluid that holds the organelles in the cytosplasm; transports materials around the cell |
| inclusions | chemical substances that are determined by the specific cell type |
| lysosomes | contain powerful digestive enzymes, digest worn-out or nonusable cell structures and foreign substances that enter the cell |
| peroxisomes | detoxify harmful or poisonous stubstances, including alcohol and formaldehyde, disarm dangerous free radicals |
| free radicals | highly reactive chemicals that can scramble the structure of proteins and nucleic acids |
| golgi apparatus | sacs close to the cell nucleus that direct cellular proteins; packaging of proteins for export from the cell |
| centrioles | generate microtubules and direct formation of the miotic spindle |
| microtubules | determine the overall shape of a cell and distribution of organelles |
| cytoskeleton | network of protein structures acting as cell bones and muscles, internal framework that determines cell shape |
| plasma membrane | fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and protects from the environment |
| chromatin | DNA and protein that is scattered throughout the nucleus |
| chromosomes | rodlike bodies fromed from chomatin, passed on during reproduction |
| generalized cell | the basic parts common to all cells |
| nucleoli | sites where ribosomes are assembled |
| organelle | specialized to carry out a specific function for the cell as a whole; little organ |
| mitochondria | sausage shaped organelles, major site of ATP synthesis, providing energy for all cellular activity |
| ribosomes | site of protein synthesis in the cell, manufacture proteins |
| endoplasmic reticulum | system of fluid-filled canals that coil and twist thru the cytoplasm, about half of a cells membranes. carry proteins from one part of the cell to another. rough is studded with ribosomes, smooth is not. |
| flagella | a cell that propels itself, as in the sperm cell |
| cilia | whiplike cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface |
| microfilaments | involved in cell motility and in producing changes in cell shape |
| fibroblast cell | has rough ER and a large golgi apparatus; connect body parts |
| erythrocyte cell | carries oxygen in the bloodstream (red blood cells) |
| epithelial cell | packed in sheets, resists tearing when the epithelium is rubbed or pulled |
| skeletal and smooth muscle cells | elongated and filled with contractile filaments; can shorten and move the bones or change the size of internal organs |
| fat cell | produced by a large lipid droplet in cytoplasm |
| macrophage (or phagocyte) | crawls through tissue to reach infection sites; lysosomes within the cell digest the infectious microorganisms |
| nerve cell | receive messages and transmit to other structures in the body |
| oocyte | the largest cell in the body, the egg cell, when fertilized becomes an embryo |
| sperm | a flagella, cell is long and streamlined, built for swimming to the egg for fertilization |
| interstitial fluid | continuously bathes the exterior of the cells |
| diffusion | process by which molecules and ions move away from a region where they are more concentrated |
| osmosis | diffusion of water through a membrane |
| filtration | process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrance by fluid or pressure |
| exocytosis | moves substances out of the cell |
| endocytosis | moves substances into the cell |
| gland | one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product |
| endocrine gland | ductless gland, secretes hormones |
| exocrine gland | secretes through the duct to the epithelial surface |
| phagocytosis | the process of cell eating; white blood cells are phagocytes; scavenger cells that target and disgest bacteria and other foreign debris |
| pinocytosis | process of cell gulping droplets of extracellular fluids containing dissolved proteins or fats |
| passive process | is the substance soluble in the lipid portion of the membranne |
| cytokinesis | division of cytoplasm |
| mitosis | formation of two nuclei with the same genes; DNA replication precendes mitosis; four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| RNA | 3 forms play a role in protein synthesis; transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA |
| epithelial tissue | the lining, covering, glandular tissue of the body |
| apical surface | exposed to the body's exterior or to cavity of interal organs |
| basement membrane | lowest surface of the epithelium, structureless material secreted by epithelial cells and connective tissue |
| simple epithelium | one layer of moving cells |
| stratified epithelium | more than one cell layer |
| simple squamous epithelium | single layer of this squamous cells resting on basement membrane |
| simple cuboidal epithelium | one layer of cuboidal cells resting on basement membrane, common in glands |
| simple columnar epithelium | single layer of tall cells that fit closely together; goblet cells are common in this layer |
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium | some cells are shorter than others and nuclei appear at differnt heights, gives false impression that it is stratified |
| stratified squamous epithelium | most common, consists of several layers of cells; found in sites of abuse or friction |
| stratified cuboidal and stratified columnar | fairly rare in the body, found mainly in the ducts of large glands |
| transitional epithelium | highly modified, statified squamous epithelium, form lining of a few organs; have the ability to slide past one another and change their shape |
| connective tissue | protect, support and bind together other body tissues |
| bone | osseous tissue composed of bone cells sitting in cavities called lacunae, containing calcium and collagen fibers |
| cartilage | flexible, found in a few places in the body |
| hyaline cartilage | has abundant collagen fibers hidden by a rubbery matrix with glassy appearance; by the time baby is born, most of this cartilage is replaced by bone |
| fibrocartilage | cushionlike disks between vertebrae of the spine |
| elastic cartilage | found where structure with elasticity is desired |
| dense connective tissue | collegen fibers are its main matrix element; tendons, ligaments |
| loose connective tissue | softer and have more cells and fewer fibers than any connective tissue type except blood |
| aerolar tissue | most widely distributed connective tissue, cushions and protects the body organs |
| adipose tissue | fat, sometimes called signet ring cells because of the way the tissue looks; forms the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin, insulating the skin |
| reticular connective tissue | interwoven fibers forming the stroma or internal framework, supporting many free blood cells in lymphoid organs |
| vascular tissue | blood; considered connective tissue because is consists of blood cells surrounded by nonliving fluid matrix of blood plasma |
| skeletal muscle | packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs, are attached to the skeleton |
| smooth (visceral) muscle | no striations are visible; individual cells are single nucleus and spindle-shaped; found in walls of hollow organs; contract more slowly than other two muscle types |
| cardiac muscle | only in the heart; contracts the heart and propels blood through the vessels |
| nervous tissue | neurons receiving and conducting eletrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another |
| regeneration | tissue repair by replacement of destroyed tissue by the same type of cell |
| fibrosis | tissue repair by dense connective tissue that forms scar tissue |
| granulation tissue | delicate pink tissue composed largely of new capillaries that grow into the damaged area from undamaged blood vessels |
| neoplasm | new growth, abnormal mass of cells |
| neoplasia | abnormal cell mass that grows without control |
| atrophy | decrease in size due to unuse |
| active process | whether the proper carrier proteins are present in the membrane and in what amount |
| hyperplasia | enlargement of body tissues or organs due to an increase in cell number |
| dysplasia | abnormal development of tissue or organs |
| ciliated epithelium | found in the respiratory system, prevents debris from entering the passageways; also in reproductive where it acts to move sex cells long the duct passageways |
| functional abilities | able to metabolize, divide, grow, respond to stimuli, digest nutrients, move and excrete wastes |
Created by:
erosok
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