ENT conditions Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
external structures of the ear	auricle, external auditory canal
functions of external structures	protection, helps gather and channel sound
middle ear structures of ear	ossicles (malleolus, incus, stapes), tympanic membrane
middle ear functions	sound transmission, separation of middle and external ear
inner ear structures	vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea
inner ear structures function	transmission of sound, vestibular function
function of nose	odor identification, passage of air, humidification, warmth of air, resonance of laryngeal sounds
risk factors for hearing loss in adults	exposure to industrial or recreational noise, genetic disorders, autoimmune disorders, syphilis
otalgia	ear pain
vertigo	dizziness
primary otalgia	pathology from the ear
secondary otalgia	pathology outside of the ear
common causes of primary otalgia	barotrauma, FB, ETD, ear infections
tinnitus	ringing of the ear
common causes of tinnitus	hearing loss, meniere's disease, neurological conditions
people most at risk for tinnitus	seniors, military personnel, musicians, people who work in loud environments
causes of peripheral vertigo	pathology comes from the ear
causes of central vertigo	pathology comes from the brain
causes of systemic vertigo	cardiovascular, metabolic, medication related
internal vertigo patient description	I feel myself turning
external vertigo patient description	I feel the room spinning
general treatment of vertigo	vestibular suppressant meds, antiemetics
transient triggered episodes of vertigo caused by dislodged canaliths in the semicircular canals	benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo most often seen in patients aged ____	50-70 yo
characteristics of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo	no significant negative sequelae (benign), episodic lasting seconds to minutes (paroxysmal), triggered by head motions (positional), generally external in description (vertigo)
treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo	empley maneuver & or home brandt-daroff exercises
spontaneous episodes of vertigo caused by inflammation of the vestibular nerve or labyrinthine organs, usually from a viral infection	vestibular neuritis
for vestibular neuritis : patients aged ___	30-50 yo
clinical diagnosis of vestibular neuritis	severe vertigo with nausea and oscillopsia, abnormal gait
treatment of vestibular neuritis	vestibular suppressant
inner ear dysfunction caused by excessive endolymph fluid pressure	Ménière's disease
Ménière's disease: patient aged ___	20-60 yo
clinical diagnosis of Ménière's disease	classic triad of severe vertigo, unilateral hearing loss and tinnitus, nausea , vomitiing
treatment of Ménière's disease	lifestyle changes , vestibular rehab
categories of hearing loss	conductive or sensorineural
problems transmitting sound and converting sound waves to mechanical vibrations	conductive
middle ear and OUT	conductive
problems converting mechanical sound to neuroelectric signals (or interpretation of neuroelectric signals)	sensorineural
inner ear and INWARD to brain	sensorineural
finger rub test	examiner rubs fingers together 6" from patient's ear. + test = failure to identify rub in at least 3/6 attempts
whispered voice test	examiner stands @ arm's length behind patient. patient occludes one ear. examiner whispers letter / number combo 6x, + test = unable to repeat 3/6 letter / number combos
direct question test	Y/N question to patent about whether he or she has hearing loss
handheld audiometry test	examiner hold device in patients ear, patient indicates awareness of each tone. + test = unable to identify 1,000 or 2,000 Hz in both ears
hearing handicap inventory for the elderly test	10 item, self-administered questionnaire measuring social and emotional handicap due to hearing impairment. score >8 is abnormal
tabletop manual audiometry test	various models of small, portable audiometers or audiometric program designed for portable electronic devices
rinne test	examiner strikes tuning fork and places on mastoid bone behind ear
weber test	examiner strikes tuning fork and places on mid forehead
medical SCREAM stands for	sudden hearing loss, cerumen impaction, auditory rehab, education, assistance devices and medication
sudden hearing loss description	development of >30 dB hearing loss at 3 consecutive frequencies over 72 hours or less
cerumen impaction description	occlusive cerumen causing hearing loss, treatment includes cerumen removal
auditory rehab description	training and treatment to improve hearing environment
education description	info for patient and family
assistive devices description	technology to augment hearing, including over the counter assistive devices
medications description	evaluating and mitigating medications with ototoxicity
auricular hematoma MOI	direct blow to ear, common sports injury
auricular hematoma can cause ____ if not treated	cauliflower ear
auricular hematoma treatment	surgical damage
foreign body of the pinna most commonly caused by	embedded pierced earrings
foreign body of EAC	insects, cotton swab pieces at any age. any other object kids less than 6 yo
cerumen function	repels water, antimicirobial activity, protective barrier. secreted in the distal 1/3 of EAC
cerumen impaction presentation	decreased hearing, feeling of fullness in ear, otalgia, tinnitus
otitis externa is aka	swimmers ear
otitis externa	inflammation of EAC secondary to infection
otitis externa common causes	pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, fungal , polymicirobial
otitis externa presentation	otalgia, pruritis, decreased hearing
treatment of otitis externa	antimicrobial ear drops
risk factors for developing otitis externa	anatomic abnormalities, canal obstruction, breach in EAC integrity, dermatological conditions, water in EAC
pressure within middle ear must ____ for TM to vibrate normally	match environment
Eustachian tube dysfunction	blockage of ET within nasal cavity leading to fluid accumulation in middle ear
ear barotrauma	prolonged / difficulty overcoming differences in pressure between the middle ear and external environment
clinical presentation of ear barotrauma	clogged feeling, otalgia, vertigo, hearing loss, perforation of TM, blood behind TM
causes of barotrauma	flying, scuba diving, hyperbaric oxygen chamber use, skydiving, blast injuries
diagnosis of ear barotrauma uses ___	TEED scale
anything that causes nasal mucosa edema can cause	eustachian tube dysfunction
middle ear efflusion	serous fluid build up behind TM, may become chronic, leading to DECREASED HEARING
diagnosis of middle ear efflusion	clinical with audiometry testing
typical organisms of acute otitis media	streptococcus pneumonia, haemophilus influenza, viruses, moraxella catarrhalis
risk factors of acute otitis media	anything that causes ETD, immunodeficiency, lack of vaccination
the _____ the patient, the more likely to have a bacterial cause of acute otitis media	YOUNGER
acute otitis media presentation	fussiness, poor oral intake, poor sleep, decreased hearing, fever, vomiting
indications for tympanostomy tubes	middle ear efflusion >3 months hearing loss > 30 dB or speech delay recurring episodes of acute otitis media (>3 episodes in 6mo, >4 episodes in 12 mo) complications of acute otitis media
tympanic membrane perforation	hole in the eardrum, establishing communication between middle and external ear
causes of tympanic membrane perforation	acute and chronic OM, trauma
acute mastoiditis	suppurative infection of the mastoid air cells with symptoms of less than 1 month duration
pathophysiology of acute mastoiditis	complication of AOM
complications of acute mastoiditis	abscess formation, facial nerve paralysis, hearing loss, meningitis, osteomyelitis
clinical presentation of acute mastoiditis	otaliga, postauricular tenderness, erythema, edema, mass formation
common nose / sinus complaints	nasal pain/trauma/FB, nasal congestion, nasal discharge
episitaxis	nosebleed
sinusitis	sinus pain
nasal trauma may be associated with	head and neck trauma
patients with __________ should be urgently referred	septal hematomas, CSF rhinorrhea, malocclusion, extra ocular movement defects
causes of episitaxis	inflammatory, structural, traumatic, tumors, systemic
inflammatory epistaxis	chronic siinnusitis, environmental irritants
structural epistaxis	septal deviation or perforation
traumatic epistaxis	cocaine use, FB, nasal fracture, nose pcking
epistaxis description	common, less than 10 yo or 45-65 yo
epistaxis divided into 2 categories	anterior and posterior
anterior epistaxis makes up ____% of epistaxis	90%
posterior epistaxis makes up _____% of epistaxis	10%
anterior epistaxis originates from	kiesselbach's plexus (picking zone)
anterior epistaxis description	UNILATERAL, no sensation of blood at back of throat
treatment of anterior epistaxis	stepwise: compressive, directive, then topical and nasal packing
posterior epistaxis originates from	branches of internal maxillary, sphenopalatine and descending palatine arteries
posterior epistaxis more common in	elderly
posterior epistaxis description	BILATERAL, profuse bleeding with significant amount of blood draining down posterior pharynx (patient usually admitted to hospital)
complications of epistaxis	infection, sinus perforation, tissue necrosis, airway compromise (greater risk with posterior bleeds)
epistaxis prevention	humidity, discontinue any offending meds, saline nasal spray, avoid nose picking or forceful blowing, sneeze with mouth open
3 causes of rhinosinusitis	infectious, allergic, noninfectious / nonallergic
infectious rhinosinusitis	bacterial, viral
allergic rhinosinusitis	occupational, perennial, seasonal rhinitis
noninfectious / nonallergic rhinosinusitis	drug induced, emotional, gustatory, irritant, reflux-induced rhinitis
rhinitis	inflammation of the nasal mucosa leading to nasal discharge and or nasal congesting
sinusitis	inflammation of the lining of the paranasal sinus cavities
acute viral rhinosinusitis	common cold
acute bacterial rhinosinusitis	sinus infection
acute infectious rhinosinusitis	nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, facial pain, fever
use antibiotics for _____ only	ABRS
laryngitis	lost voice
pharyngitis	sore throat
tonsillitis	inflamed tonsils
tonsillar hypertrophy	enlargement of the tonsils
coarse, scratchy sound that frequently correlates with irregularity of the medial, or vibratory edge of the true focal fold	hoarseness
term describing the perception of excessive air escape during phonation, in which the voice sounds or feels weak	breathiness
degradation in vocal quality and loss of control of vocal quality with extended periods of voice use	vocal fatigue
causes of hoarseness	laryngitis, benign vocal cord lesions, laryngeal cancer, neurological disease, vocal cord paralysis
acute laryngitis	inflammation of the larynx
causes of acute laryngitis	vocal strain, infections (URI*, viral, bacterial), tobacco/alcohol use, gastroesophageal reflex
presentation of acute laryngitis	hoarseness, aphonia
supportive treatment examples for acute laryngitis	vocal rest, humidifier, hydration, remove / treat underlying causes
most common viral causes of pharyngitis / tonsillitis	rhinovirus, coronavirus, EBV
most common bacterial causes of pharyngitis / tonsillitis	group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus
presenting symptoms of pharyngitis / tonsillitis	sore throat, fever, erythematous, enlarged tonsils with or without exudate, lymphadenopathy
treating strep throat helps prevent	spread of rheumatic and local complications
Epstein-barr virus	Infection is most often asymptomatic, When symptomatic - Clinical syndrome of Infectious Mononucleosis (IM)
EBV - infectious mononucleosis most common in	adolescents and young adults
presentation of EBV- infectious mononucleosis	typical is acute exudative pharyngitis / tonsillitis, lymphadenopathy. less common is splenomegaly
common complications of infectious mononucleosis	ampicillin-associated rash, upper airway obstruction, chronic EBV infection, increased risk for hodgkin lymphoma, hepatitis, splenic rupture
diagnosis of EBV infectious mononucleosis	rapid mon-spot test, atypical lymphocytosis on CBC
strep throat is most common in patients aged	5-15 year olds , very uncommon in kids less than 3
presentation of strep throat	+ fever, sore throat with exudative pharyngitis/ tonsillitis, lymphadenopathy
diagnosis of strep throat	rapid strep test, throat culture
scarlet fever	atypical presentation of strep throat , delayed - type skin reactivity to pyrogenic exotoxin. diffuse, erythematous, 1-2 mm papular eruption that blanches with pressure. strawberry tongue
complications for group A beta- hemolytic strep pharyngitis	recurrent strep throat infections, peritonsillar abscess, pneumonia, rheumatic fever, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
deep neck infections commonly arise from	septic focus of the mandibular teeth, tonsils, parotid gland, deep cervical lymph nodes, middle ear, sinuses. uncommon since use of antibiotics
types of deep neck infections	peritonsillar abscess, Ludwig's angina
peritonsillar abscess	localized infection, purulent fluid accumulates between fibrous capsule of the tonsils and superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
presentation of peritonsillar abscess	worsening sore throat, fever, odynophagia, drooling, muffed 'hot potato' voice, foul-smelling breath, deviation of uvula
diagnosis of peritonsillar abscess	CT scan
treatment of peritonsillar abscess	surgery and antibiotics
complications of peritonsillar abscess	airway obstruction, aspiration, pneumonia, life-threatening hemorrhage, post-strep sequelae
Ludwig's angina	bilateral cellulitis of the submandibular and sublingual spaces with associated tongue elevation
Ludwig's angina is commonly associated with	dental infections or recently extracted tooth
presentation of Ludwig's angina	severe mouth pain, fever, forward-leaning posture, "bull neck"
treatment of Ludwig's angina	airway protection and IV antibiotics

Created by: thomask9

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