MC Bio 204 Ch 9 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
gliding | movement of relatively flat bone surfaces back-and-forth and from side-to-side over one another; little change in the angle between bones |
angular movements | increase or decrease in the angle between bones |
types of angular movements | flexion, lateral flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction |
flexion | decrease in the angle between articulating bones, usually in the sagittal plane |
lateral flexion | movement of the trunk within the frontal plane [e.g., leaning sideways to touch the side of the calf] |
extension | increase in the angle between articulating bones, usually in the sagittal plane |
hyperextension | extension beyond the anatomical position |
abduction | movement of a bone away from the midline, usually in the frontal plane [e.g., raising arms so that they're perpendicular to the trunk] |
adduction | movement of a bone toward the midline, usually in the frontal plane |
circumduction | flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in succession, in which the distal end of a body part moves in a circle |
rotation | movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis; in the limbs, it may be medial (toward the midline) or lateral (away from the midline) |
special movements | occur at specific joints |
elevation | superior movement of a body part |
depression | inferior movement of a body part |
protraction | anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane [e.g., jutting the lower jaw forward] |
retraction | posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane |
eversion | lateral movement of the sole so that it faces away from the other foot |
inversion | medial movement of the sole so that it faces the other foot |
dorsiflexion | bending the foot in the direction of the dorsum (superior surface) |
plantar flexion | bending the foot in the direction of the plantar surface (sole) |
supination | movement of the forearm that turns the palm anteriorly |
pronation | movement of the forearm that turns the palm posteriorly |
opposition | movement of the thumb across the palm to touch fingertips on the same hand |
articular menisci | in certain joints, pads of fibrocartilage that lie between the articular surfaces of the bones || EX/medial and lateral ---- of the knee |
articular cartilage | covers the articular surfaces of the bones at a synovial joint |
synovial fluid | L/within the synovial cavities of synovial joints || A/resembles uncooked egg white || F/reducing friction by lubricating the joint, absorbing shocks, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the chondrocytes within the articular cartilage |
bursae | small saclike structures strategically situated to alleviate friction in some joints || EX/shoulder and knee joints |
bursitis | the inflammation of one or more bursae; often caused by repetitive activity |
rheumatoid arthritis | an autoimmune disorder; much rarer than osteoarthritis; synovial membrane thickens into a pannus; often leads to ankylosis [the fusion of the ends of articulating bones] |
osteoarthritis | "wear-and-tear arthritis" || affects approx 85% of U.S. population || sometimes results in bone spurs |
arthritis | broad term for a group of conditions that involve damage to joints |
dislocation | the displacement or misalignment of bones in a joint || often caused by a sudden impact |
sprain | an injury to ligaments caused by their being stretched beyond normal capacity and possibly torn |
strain | the tearing of muscle fibers as a result of overstretching || aka "pulled muscle" |
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