Ch 22 Lymphatic Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Water plus solutes from plasma & cells; Returns to circulatory system via veins; essential for fluid balance. | lymph |
Carry lymph away from tissues; valves insure one way flow | lymphatic vessels |
More permeable than blood capillaries,Epithelium functions as series of one-way valves,found in all parts of the body except nervous system, bone marrow, and tissues without blood vessels | Lymphatic capillaries |
distributed along vessels and filter lymph; Substances removed by phagocytosis or stimulate lymphocytes to proliferate in germinal centers; Cancer cells often migrate to lymph nodes, are trapped there, and proliferate. | lymph nodes |
jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal, intestinal, lumbar | lymphatic trunks |
drain tissues of body and move lymph into major veins | lymphatic ducts |
drains right side of head, right-upper limb, right thorax | Right lymphatic duct |
drains remainder of the body | Thoracic duct |
contain lymphatic tissue (lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells); fine collagen reticular fibers trap microorganisms and other particles | lymphatic organs |
lymph nodes, spleen, thymus | Encapsulated lymph organs |
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Found beneath epithelium as first line of attack against invaders. | Unencapsulated lymph organs |
dispersed lymphocytes, macrophages; blends with other tissues. Associated with other types of lymphatic tissue | diffuse lymphatic tissue |
denser aggregations. Numerous in loose connective tissue of digestive (Peyer’s patches), respiratory, urinary, reproductive systems (MALT); Referred to as lymphatic follicles when found in lymph nodes and the spleen | Lymphatic nodules |
Large groups of lymphatic nodules in nasopharynx and oral cavity; Provide protection against bacteria and other harmful material. Form a ring around the border between the oral cavity and the pharynx | tonsils |
Destroys defective RBCs; Detects and responds to foreign substances; Limited reservoir for blood | spleen |
Site of maturation of T cells: many T cells produced here, but most degenerate. Those that remain can react to foreign substances, but not to healthy body tissue. | thymus |
Ability to resist damage from foreign substances such as microorganisms and harmful chemicals | immunity |
Mechanical mechanisms: prevent entry or remove microbes. Skin, tears, saliva, mucous membranes, mucus. Considered the acid mantle;Chemical mediators: promote phagocytosis and inflammation; Cells: involved in phagocytosis and production of chemicals | Innate or nonspecific resistance |
Specificity: ability to recognize a particular substance; Memory: ability to remember previous encounters with a particular substance and respond rapidly | Adaptive or specific immunity |
20 proteins that circulate in blood in inactive form; become activated in cascade form & can form membrane attack complexes, make channel through plasma mem, attach to surface of bact cells, stim phagocytosis, attract immune syst cells to site of infectio | complement |
part of innate immunity. C3 binds with foreign substance. Attract macrophages. | Alternative pathway |
part of adaptive immunity. Requires antibodies bound to antigens | Classical pathway |
Prevent viral replication; produced by infected cell, but cause neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins, thus act as a paracrine. | Interferons |
most important cellular components of immune system. Must be able to move into infected tissues and destroy infection | White blood cells |
Phagocytic and first cells to enter infected tissue; last only a few hours; Regularly cross wall of gastrointestinal tract, providing protection. 126 billion/day | Neutrophils |
large phagocytic cellsMonocytes that leave blood, enter tissues. Longer-lived than neutrophils, can ingest larger particles; Found beneath free surfaces within sinuses (spleen, bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes). | Macrophages |
Promote inflammation when activated by innate or adaptive system. | Basophils and mast cells |
leave blood and enter tissues; Reduce inflammation by breaking down chemicals produced by basophils and mast cells.Secrete enzymes that kill some parasites | Eosinophils |
type of lymphocytes; Lyse tumor and virus-infected cells; Recognize whole classes of cells, not specific kind of cell. | Natural killer cells |
Response initiated by chemical mediators that produce vasodilation, chemotactic attraction, increased vascular permeability. The latter allows fibrinogen and complement to enter tissue. Fibrinogen converted to fibrin, walls off infected area | Inflammatory Response |
confined to a specific area of the body. Symptoms are redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function | Local Inflammatory Response |
Increase in neutrophil #s released by RBM;Fever due to production of pyrogens; Improves performance of immune system.Widespread increased vascular permeability due to histamines. Large volume of plasma enters interstitial spaces leading to shock | Systemic Inflammatory Response |
not produced by body, introduced from outside; Bacteria, viruses, other microorganisms that cause disease; Pollen, animal dander, feces of mites, foods, drugs cause overreaction of immune system called allergic reaction | foreign antigens (adaptive immunity) |
produced by body. Used as markers to allow adaptive immune response to differentiate self from non-self. Response to self tumor antigens helpfulResponse to self-antigens resulting in tissue destruction: auto immune diseases | Self-antigens (adapt imm) |
small molecules, combine with large proteins and producing an adaptive immune response | Haptens (adapt imm) |
Humoral or Antibody-mediated | B cells |
Cell-mediated | T cells |
Ensures survival of lymphocytes that react against antigens. These then proliferate and form clones | Positive selection |
Eliminates clones of lymphocytes that react against self-antigens | Negative selection |
state of unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to a specific antigen, usually to self antigens. Provoked by deletion of self-reactive lymphocytes, preventing activation of lymphocytes that encounter self antigens, activation of suppressor T cells | tolerance |
lymphocytes interact with each other, antigen-presenting cells and antigens to produce the immune response; Diffuse lymphatic tissue, lymphatic nodules, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen | Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues |
Lymphocytes must be able to recognize the antigen. After recognition, lymphocytes must increase in number to effectively destroy antigen | Activation of Lymphocytes |
specific regions of a given antigen recognized by a lymphocyte | Antigenic determinants |
attach to plasma membrane; Have variable region that can bind to foreign and self antigens | major histocompatibility complex |
Found on surface of nucleated cells. In concert with antigens that were produced inside the cell from, for example, digested virus particles. Like displaying a flag saying “Kill me!” MHC-restricted: both MHCI and foreign antigen are displayed together | Class I MHC |
Found on surface of antigen-presenting cells. B-cells, macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells. Display of MHCII with foreign antigen is like “Rally round the flag”, stimulates other immune system cells to respond to the antigen. | Class II MHC |
Released by the macrophage of a cytokine that binds to a receptor on the helper T cell. | Costimulation By cytokines |
Binding of two molecules (B7 and CD28) on the macrophage and Helper T cell. Helps to hold the cells together. | Costimulation By surface molecules |
B or T cell does not respond to an antigen; occurs when T cell encounters a self antigen | anergy |
Cells from original clones must proliferate before antigen can be attacked effectively:Proliferation of Helper T cells;Proliferation of B cells and effector T cells | Proliferation of Lymphocytes |
Effective against extracellular antigens including bacteria, viruses, protozoans, fungi, parasites, and toxins when they are outside cells | Antibody-Mediated Immunity |
Part that combines with antigenic determinant of antigen | Variable region of antibody |
Responsible for activities of antibodies like activating complement or attaching to various kinds of WBCs | Constant region of antibody |
occurs when a B cell is first activated by an antigen. B cell proliferates to produce plasma cells (antibody production) and memory cells. | Primary response |
occurs during later exposure to same antigen. Memory cells divide rapidly to form plasma cells and additional memory cells. Faster and greater response. | Secondary response |
Function of T cells; most effective against intracellular microorganisms: viruses, fungi, intracellular bacteria, parasites | Cell-Mediated Immunity |
Lyse virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and tissue transplants. Major lysin is perforin, which forms a hole in the plasma membrane of the target cell. Produce cytokines, which promote phagocytosis and inflammation | Cytotoxic T cells function |
Involved in allergic reactions; e.g., poison ivy. Hapten that binds to proteins in the skin, then antigen processed by Langerhans cells (APCs) of the skin and presented to delayed hypersensitivity T cells | Delayed hypersensitivity T cells |
natural exposure to an antigen | Active natural immunity |
natural exposure to an antigen | Active natural immunity |
natural exposure to an antigen | Active natural immunity |
deliberate exposure to antigen or antibody | Immunization |
vaccination. Deliberate exposure to an antigen (vaccine) | Active artificial immunity |
transfer of antibodies from a mother to her fetus or baby | Passive natural immunity |
transfer of antibodies (or cells) from an immune animal to a nonimmune one; antiserum; ie. rabies, hepatitis, snake bites | Passive artificial immunity |
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