Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Ch 22 Lymphatic
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Water plus solutes from plasma & cells; Returns to circulatory system via veins; essential for fluid balance. | lymph |
| Carry lymph away from tissues; valves insure one way flow | lymphatic vessels |
| More permeable than blood capillaries,Epithelium functions as series of one-way valves,found in all parts of the body except nervous system, bone marrow, and tissues without blood vessels | Lymphatic capillaries |
| distributed along vessels and filter lymph; Substances removed by phagocytosis or stimulate lymphocytes to proliferate in germinal centers; Cancer cells often migrate to lymph nodes, are trapped there, and proliferate. | lymph nodes |
| jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal, intestinal, lumbar | lymphatic trunks |
| drain tissues of body and move lymph into major veins | lymphatic ducts |
| drains right side of head, right-upper limb, right thorax | Right lymphatic duct |
| drains remainder of the body | Thoracic duct |
| contain lymphatic tissue (lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells); fine collagen reticular fibers trap microorganisms and other particles | lymphatic organs |
| lymph nodes, spleen, thymus | Encapsulated lymph organs |
| mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Found beneath epithelium as first line of attack against invaders. | Unencapsulated lymph organs |
| dispersed lymphocytes, macrophages; blends with other tissues. Associated with other types of lymphatic tissue | diffuse lymphatic tissue |
| denser aggregations. Numerous in loose connective tissue of digestive (Peyer’s patches), respiratory, urinary, reproductive systems (MALT); Referred to as lymphatic follicles when found in lymph nodes and the spleen | Lymphatic nodules |
| Large groups of lymphatic nodules in nasopharynx and oral cavity; Provide protection against bacteria and other harmful material. Form a ring around the border between the oral cavity and the pharynx | tonsils |
| Destroys defective RBCs; Detects and responds to foreign substances; Limited reservoir for blood | spleen |
| Site of maturation of T cells: many T cells produced here, but most degenerate. Those that remain can react to foreign substances, but not to healthy body tissue. | thymus |
| Ability to resist damage from foreign substances such as microorganisms and harmful chemicals | immunity |
| Mechanical mechanisms: prevent entry or remove microbes. Skin, tears, saliva, mucous membranes, mucus. Considered the acid mantle;Chemical mediators: promote phagocytosis and inflammation; Cells: involved in phagocytosis and production of chemicals | Innate or nonspecific resistance |
| Specificity: ability to recognize a particular substance; Memory: ability to remember previous encounters with a particular substance and respond rapidly | Adaptive or specific immunity |
| 20 proteins that circulate in blood in inactive form; become activated in cascade form & can form membrane attack complexes, make channel through plasma mem, attach to surface of bact cells, stim phagocytosis, attract immune syst cells to site of infectio | complement |
| part of innate immunity. C3 binds with foreign substance. Attract macrophages. | Alternative pathway |
| part of adaptive immunity. Requires antibodies bound to antigens | Classical pathway |
| Prevent viral replication; produced by infected cell, but cause neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins, thus act as a paracrine. | Interferons |
| most important cellular components of immune system. Must be able to move into infected tissues and destroy infection | White blood cells |
| Phagocytic and first cells to enter infected tissue; last only a few hours; Regularly cross wall of gastrointestinal tract, providing protection. 126 billion/day | Neutrophils |
| large phagocytic cellsMonocytes that leave blood, enter tissues. Longer-lived than neutrophils, can ingest larger particles; Found beneath free surfaces within sinuses (spleen, bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes). | Macrophages |
| Promote inflammation when activated by innate or adaptive system. | Basophils and mast cells |
| leave blood and enter tissues; Reduce inflammation by breaking down chemicals produced by basophils and mast cells.Secrete enzymes that kill some parasites | Eosinophils |
| type of lymphocytes; Lyse tumor and virus-infected cells; Recognize whole classes of cells, not specific kind of cell. | Natural killer cells |
| Response initiated by chemical mediators that produce vasodilation, chemotactic attraction, increased vascular permeability. The latter allows fibrinogen and complement to enter tissue. Fibrinogen converted to fibrin, walls off infected area | Inflammatory Response |
| confined to a specific area of the body. Symptoms are redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function | Local Inflammatory Response |
| Increase in neutrophil #s released by RBM;Fever due to production of pyrogens; Improves performance of immune system.Widespread increased vascular permeability due to histamines. Large volume of plasma enters interstitial spaces leading to shock | Systemic Inflammatory Response |
| not produced by body, introduced from outside; Bacteria, viruses, other microorganisms that cause disease; Pollen, animal dander, feces of mites, foods, drugs cause overreaction of immune system called allergic reaction | foreign antigens (adaptive immunity) |
| produced by body. Used as markers to allow adaptive immune response to differentiate self from non-self. Response to self tumor antigens helpfulResponse to self-antigens resulting in tissue destruction: auto immune diseases | Self-antigens (adapt imm) |
| small molecules, combine with large proteins and producing an adaptive immune response | Haptens (adapt imm) |
| Humoral or Antibody-mediated | B cells |
| Cell-mediated | T cells |
| Ensures survival of lymphocytes that react against antigens. These then proliferate and form clones | Positive selection |
| Eliminates clones of lymphocytes that react against self-antigens | Negative selection |
| state of unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to a specific antigen, usually to self antigens. Provoked by deletion of self-reactive lymphocytes, preventing activation of lymphocytes that encounter self antigens, activation of suppressor T cells | tolerance |
| lymphocytes interact with each other, antigen-presenting cells and antigens to produce the immune response; Diffuse lymphatic tissue, lymphatic nodules, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen | Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues |
| Lymphocytes must be able to recognize the antigen. After recognition, lymphocytes must increase in number to effectively destroy antigen | Activation of Lymphocytes |
| specific regions of a given antigen recognized by a lymphocyte | Antigenic determinants |
| attach to plasma membrane; Have variable region that can bind to foreign and self antigens | major histocompatibility complex |
| Found on surface of nucleated cells. In concert with antigens that were produced inside the cell from, for example, digested virus particles. Like displaying a flag saying “Kill me!” MHC-restricted: both MHCI and foreign antigen are displayed together | Class I MHC |
| Found on surface of antigen-presenting cells. B-cells, macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells. Display of MHCII with foreign antigen is like “Rally round the flag”, stimulates other immune system cells to respond to the antigen. | Class II MHC |
| Released by the macrophage of a cytokine that binds to a receptor on the helper T cell. | Costimulation By cytokines |
| Binding of two molecules (B7 and CD28) on the macrophage and Helper T cell. Helps to hold the cells together. | Costimulation By surface molecules |
| B or T cell does not respond to an antigen; occurs when T cell encounters a self antigen | anergy |
| Cells from original clones must proliferate before antigen can be attacked effectively:Proliferation of Helper T cells;Proliferation of B cells and effector T cells | Proliferation of Lymphocytes |
| Effective against extracellular antigens including bacteria, viruses, protozoans, fungi, parasites, and toxins when they are outside cells | Antibody-Mediated Immunity |
| Part that combines with antigenic determinant of antigen | Variable region of antibody |
| Responsible for activities of antibodies like activating complement or attaching to various kinds of WBCs | Constant region of antibody |
| occurs when a B cell is first activated by an antigen. B cell proliferates to produce plasma cells (antibody production) and memory cells. | Primary response |
| occurs during later exposure to same antigen. Memory cells divide rapidly to form plasma cells and additional memory cells. Faster and greater response. | Secondary response |
| Function of T cells; most effective against intracellular microorganisms: viruses, fungi, intracellular bacteria, parasites | Cell-Mediated Immunity |
| Lyse virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and tissue transplants. Major lysin is perforin, which forms a hole in the plasma membrane of the target cell. Produce cytokines, which promote phagocytosis and inflammation | Cytotoxic T cells function |
| Involved in allergic reactions; e.g., poison ivy. Hapten that binds to proteins in the skin, then antigen processed by Langerhans cells (APCs) of the skin and presented to delayed hypersensitivity T cells | Delayed hypersensitivity T cells |
| natural exposure to an antigen | Active natural immunity |
| natural exposure to an antigen | Active natural immunity |
| natural exposure to an antigen | Active natural immunity |
| deliberate exposure to antigen or antibody | Immunization |
| vaccination. Deliberate exposure to an antigen (vaccine) | Active artificial immunity |
| transfer of antibodies from a mother to her fetus or baby | Passive natural immunity |
| transfer of antibodies (or cells) from an immune animal to a nonimmune one; antiserum; ie. rabies, hepatitis, snake bites | Passive artificial immunity |
Created by:
619572525
Popular Anatomy sets