History Chapter 1 Word Scramble
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Term | Definition |
Humanism | an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics |
humanities | the study of subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history; these were taught in ancient Rome and Greece |
Petrach | he was an Italian/Forentine scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy; one of the earliest humanists; rediscovered Cicero's letters |
Florence | Considered the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance; |
patron | a financial supporter of the arts |
perspective | an artistic technique used to give paintings and drawings a 3-dimensional effect |
Leonardo da Vinci | Italian Renaissance artist; had an endless curiosity; inventor, painter, sculptor, architect, scientist, musician; a true genius; probably his most famous work was the Mona Lisa |
Michelangeo | Italian Renaissance sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, poet; widely known for painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel |
Raphael | Italian painter; admired for his artistic talent; had a sweet and gracious nature; best known for his Madonna paintings |
Baldassare Castiglione | was an Italian count, courtier, diplomat, soldier, and prominent author; wrote The Book of the Courtier, which describes manners, skills, learning, and virtues that a member of the court should have. |
Niccolo Machiavelli | Italian diplomat, politician, historia, philosopher, humanist, and writer; he wrote a guide for rulers on how to gain and maintain power; often called the father of modern political science |
Johannes Gutenberg | was a German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer and publisher; first European to use a printing press and movable type; his major work was the Gutenberg Bible which was available |
Flanders | a region that is present-day Florence, Belgium, and the Netherlands |
Albrecht Durer | German painter, print maker, and theorist; the first northern artist to be profoundly affected by the Renaissance of Italy |
engraving | art form in which an artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid and then uses the plate to make multiple prints |
vernacular | the every day language of ordinary people |
Erasmus | born in 1466 in the Netherlands; was a Catholic priest, classical scholar, humanist, social critic, teacher and theologian; he held the doctrine of free will over that of the doctrine of predestination, which was widely accepted by many of the Reformers. |
Thomas More | English lawyer, philosopher, and Renaissance humanist; 1516 wrote the book Utopia, which was his vision of a perfect society |
Utopia | visionary and idealistic society; an imaginary island described in Thomas More's book Utopia; idealistic society that was perfect in law, politics, etc |
William Shakespere | An English poet and playwright; regarded as the greatest writer in the English language; widely known for his plays Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth |
indulgences | the Roman Catholic church this was a way to collect money from commoners to grant them pardons for their sins; gave them a "ticket" to heaven for payment |
Martin Luther | German monk, teacher, and theologian; began the Protestant Reformation when he nailed the 95 theses on the Castle Churcdoors of the University of Wittenberg; these theses questioned some of the basic beliefs of Roman Catholicism; |
Wittenberg | town in Germany where Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses on the doors of the Castle Church; Johann Tetzel, Catholic priest, set up a pulpit on the outskirts of Witteberg |
Charles V | was the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and the Spanish Empire in 1519; summoned Martin Luther to the Diet at the city of Worms |
Diet | assembly or legislature; |
John Calvin | profoundly impacted the direction of the Protestant Reformation; French theologian, pastor and Reformer; emphasized the doctrine of predestination, which is the interpretation of Scripture regarding salvation being for those God chooses |
predestination | the doctrine that in God's sovereignty and foreknowledge pre-determines or chooses those who will be saved; or guides those who are destined to be saved |
Geneva | city-state in Switzerland; John Calvin was asked to stay and lead the Protestant church there. |
Sect | a sub group of a major religious group |
Henry VIII | was a Tudor king of England; because of his desire to divorce his first wife, Catherine, he broke from the Catholic church to create the Church of England - so he could marry Anne Boleyn |
Mary Tudor | Henry and Catherine of Aragon's only surviving daughter; |
Elizabeth (known as Elizabeth I) | the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn |
canonize | when the Catholic church officially recognizes a dead person as a saint; |
compromise | acceptable middle ground between protestant and catholic practices |
Council of Trent | the Roman Catholic church's counter-reformation councils which was held in Trent, in Northern Italy; it was to establish the direction that reform should take; the Pope called this in 1545 |
Teresa of Avila | Spanish Catholic saint; nun and Christian mystic; symbolized the feelings of many Catholics during her time |
ghetto | Jews were ordered to live in a separate quarter of the city; |
Nicolaus Copernicus | published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres; Renaissance mathematician and astronomer; created a model of the universe that put the sun at center of universe, not the earth. |
heliocentric | sun-centered |
Tyco Brahe | from Denmark; he was a Danish nobleman who provided evidence that supported Copernicus' theory; |
Johannes Kepler | mathematician and astronomer; used Brahe's data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun |
Galileo | Italian scientist, astronomer, mathematician, engineer, philosopher; he assembled an astronomical telescope; this paved the way for the Copernican heliocentric system |
Francis Bacon | Englishman; a giant of the new scientific method |
scientific method | step-by-step process of discovery; systematic observation, measurement, experiment, formula, testing and hypotheses |
hypotheses | possible explanation based on limited evidence |
Robert Boyle | Anglo-Irish chemist; refined the alchemist's view of chemicals; often credited as being the first modern chemist and founder of modern chemistry |
Isaac Newton | English mathematician, astronomer, physicist; key figure in the scientific revolution; most famous for his laws on gravity and motion; |
gravity | the force that keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun |
calculus | branch of math partially developed by Newton and used to explain his laws |
Ignatius | Spanish; he was the founder of the Jesuits; a religious sect or group of men from the Catholic church |
Rene Descartes | stressed human reasoning; French philosopher, scientist and mathematician; known as the father of modern western philosophy |
Andreas Vesalius | on the study of the human body - first accurate study of the human anatomy; author of one of the most influential books on the human anatomy |
Ambroise Pare | French physician; often known as the father of modern surgery; created an ointment using egg yolks, rose oil and turpentine to treat wounds, which seemed to heal better with the ointment. |
William Harvey | described the circulation of the blood for the first time |
Anton van Leeuwenhoek | perfected the microscope |
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