Blood Word Scramble
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| Question | Answer |
| What is hematology | Study of blood and blood disorders |
| What is the pH of blood (venous and arterial) and average temp | 7.4 (7.35-7.45). 100.4 degrees F |
| Erythrocyte function | Transport O2 and some CO2 |
| What are erythrocytes filled with | Cytoplasm filled with hemoglobin that gives blood its red color. No nuclei |
| Life span of erythrocyte and how is it broken down | About 120 days, broken down by macrophages in liver or spleen |
| Hemoglobin function | Carries oxygen throughout body |
| What values indicate the amount of O2 blood can carry | Hematocrit, # of RBC's, and hemoglobin concentration |
| Iron deficiency anemia | Body doesn't have enough iron to build healthy RBCs causing them to be small and pale. Resulting in fatigue, shortness of breath, etc. |
| Sickle cell anemia | Genetic defect in hemoglobin molecule (Hb-S) that changes to amino acids. Found among populations in malaria belt |
| Reticulocyte count. What would a low count mean | Immature red blood cell. Still has portion of nuclei. .5-1.5%. In an anemic person it could mean bone marrow problems (leukemia) |
| Leukocytes | WBC. Cells of the immune system |
| Granulocytes function | WBCs that package potent chemicals into lysosomes |
| Agranulocytes | Do not have granules that stain |
| What WBCs are granulocytes (ends in -phil) | Basophil/mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils |
| What WBCs are agranulocytes (ends in -cyte) | Monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes/plasma cells |
| WBCs from most to least abundant | 1. Neutrophils 2. Lymphocytes 3. Monocytes 4. Eosinophils 5. Basophils |
| Neutrophils function, life span, and nuclei | "First responders." Leave blood to fend off infections. Increase during bacterial infections. Release lysosomes which kill bacteria. Live about 8 hours. 2-5 lobes of nuclei. 60-70% of WBC |
| What is pus | Dead neutrophils |
| What are the three types of Lymphocytes | T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells |
| B cell function | Turn into plasma cells that make antibodies. Provide immunological memory. Destroy bacteria & their toxins. Attack invaders outside of cells |
| T cell function | Attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells, and some bacteria. Assess cell identity. Attack invaders inside the cells. |
| Natural killer cells function | Attack many different microbes and some tumor cells. Destroy foreign invaders by direct attack. |
| Lymphocytes function | Increase in number during viral infections. 20-25% of WBC |
| Monocyte function and nuclei shape | Convert to macrophages in cells of tissues. Largest WBC. Increase in viral infections/inflammation. Take longer to travel to infection, but arrive in large numbers. Clean up debris after infection. Nucleus is horse-shoe shape. 3-8% of WBC |
| Eosinophils function and nucleus shape | Respond to parasitic infection/allergies. Release histaminase (slows down inflammation caused by basophils.) Nucleus with 2 or 3 lobes connected by thin strand. 2-4% of WBC |
| Basophil function and nucleus shape | Increase during chicken pox, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, allergies. Release heparin, histamine, and serotonin which leads to allergic reactions. Large purple/blue shape with lots of dots. <1% of WBC |
| RBCs are marked with what | Genetically determined glycoproteins (surface antigens.) Which determines blood type |
| What happens during a cross-reaction blood transfusion | If you have an interaction with an opposing blood type it causes agglutination (clumping) which results in hemolysis (destruction of RBC) |
| What blood type is the universal donor and which is the universal recipient | O negative and AB positive |
| Rh- | The absence of the protein. Rh- blood will make antibodies after first time exposed. If exposed to Rh+ for a second time, it can be very dangerous. |
| Platelets function and count | Cells fragment that control coagulation. 130,000-400,000 |
| What are the cells of the body serviced by | Blood and interstitial fluid |
| Interstitial fluid | Bathes the cells of the body |
| How do nutrients and oxygen move through the body | Diffuse from the blood into the interstitial fluid and then into the cells |
| How do wastes move through the body | In the reverse direction as nutrients/oxygen |
| Name 3 general functions of blood | Transportation, regulates pH/body temp/water content of cells, and protection from disease and blood loss |
| Average liters of blood in women and men | 5-6 L in men (more testosterone) and 4-5 L in women (menstruation) |
| What happens if the molarity of the dissolved particles in blood is too high | Fluid absorption into the blood causes high BP |
| What happens if the molarity of the dissolved particles in blood is too low | Fluid remains in the tissues causing edema (swelling of tissues due to excess of trapped fluid) |
| Hematocrit definition | The ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood. |
| Hematocrit % | 55% plasma & 45% cells (99%-RBCs <1% WBCs and platelets) |
| What and where is the "buffy coat" | The small fraction between the plasma and RBCs of an anti-coagulated blood sample that contains most of the WBCs and platelets |
| What is plasma mostly made of | Water (91.5%) |
| What are the three types of plasma proteins | Albumins, globulins (antibodies), and fibrinogins (help from blood clots) |
| How are plasma proteins formed | By liver (except globulins.) Produced by plasma cells descended from B lymphocytes |
| Polycythemia | Too many RBCs (over 65%) |
| What is blood doping | Injecting previously stored RBCs before an athletic event to increase the amount of cells to deliver O2 to tissues (leads to polycythemia) |
| What is hemopoiesis | The production of red blood cells and platelets, occurs in the bone marrow |
| What is erythropoietin (EPO) | Increase RBCs, produced by the kidneys |
| What is thrombopoietin (TPO) | Hormone that comes from the liver that increases the production of megakarocytes which break down into platelets |
| What enzyme do erythrocytes contain and name its function | Carbonic Anhydrase (CAH.) Produces carbonic acid from CO2 and water. Important role in gas transport and pH balance |
| What happens if you become hypoxic (low RBCs/O2 transport due to high elevations, increase exercise, hemorrhaging) | Sensed by kidneys/liver, EPO production increases, stimulation of red bone marrow = increased RBCs & O2 transport |
| What is a key requirement for erythropoiesis | Iron |
| What would you take for rapid cell division | B12 and folic acid |
| Hemoglobin transports... | 23% of total CO2 waste from tissue cells to lungs for release |
| What else does hemoglobin transport with CO2 | Nitric oxide and super nitric oxide, helping to regulate BP (vasodilation) |
| What is perfusion | The passage of fluid through the circulatory system or lymphatic system to an organ or a tissue, usually referring to the delivery of blood to a capillary bed in a tissue. |
| Where does vasodilation happen | Where O2 is the freshest (based on CO2 levels) |
| Pernicious anemia | Inadequate vit B12 from poor nutrition or lack of intrinsic factor from glands of the stomach |
| Aplastic anemia | Complete cessation (stops creating new RBCs) Cause unknown |
| Hemorrhagic anemia | Loss of blood |
| Hemolytic anemia | RBC destruction |
| Leukocytosis | High white blood cell count (microbes, stertorous exercise, anesthesia or surgery) |
| Leukopenia | Low white blood cell count (radiation, shock, or chemo) |
| Leukemia | Cancer of hemopoietic tissue |
| What are the three hemostatic mechanisms and what do they involve | They all involve platelets. 1. Vascular spasm, 2. platelet plug formation, 3. Blood clotting |
| Hemostasis definition | To stop bleeding in a quick and localized manner when blood vessels are damaged |
| Vascular spasm | Prompt constriction of a broken vessel. Platelets release serotonin (chemical vasoconstrictor.) Provides time for other two mechanisms to work |
| What chemicals do platelets store in granules needed for platelet plug formation | Alpha granules and dense granules |
| What is the process for the platelet plug formation | 1. Platelet adhesion, 2. platelet release reaction, 3. platelet aggregation |
| Alpha granules | Clotting factors and platelet derived growth factor (cause proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle, and fibroblasts, to repair damaged vessels) |
| Dense granules | ADP, ATP, Ca+2, serotonin, fibrin stabilizing factor, and enzymes that produce thromboxane A2 (constricts vessels) |
| What does the normal endothelium of a blood vessel look like and what happens when broken | Very smooth and coated with prostacyclin (repels platelets and causes vasodilation.) When broken it exposes rough surfaces of collagen=platelet plug formation begins |
| What happens during platelet plug formation | Platelet psuedopods stick to damaged vessel/other platelets, psuedopods contract and draw walls of vessel together forming the plug. Positive feedback cycle until the break is sealed. |
| What happens when platelets degranulate during platelet plug formation | Releases serotonin as vasoconstrictor. Releases ADP to attract/degranulate more platelets. Releases thromboxane A2 that promotes aggregation, degranulation, and vasoconstriction. |
| Platelet adhesion | Platelets stick to exposed collagen underlying damaged endothelial cells in vessel wall |
| Platelet release reaction | Platelets activated by adhesion release thromboxane A2, ADP (activating other platelets), and serotonin. These (except ADP) cause vasoconstriction decreasing blood flow through the injured vessel |
| Platelet aggregation | Activated platelets stick together and activate new platelets to form platelet plug. This, reinforced by fibrin threads, is formed during clotting process |
| Coagulation in simple terms | Blood drawn from body thickens into gel from a clot of insoluble fibers (fibrin) where the cells get trapped |
| Thrombosis | Clotting that occurs in unbroken blood vessel (blood clot) |
| Blood clot dissolution | Factor 7 speeds up the formation of kallikrein enzyme which converts plasminogen into plasmin (fibrin-dissolving enzyme or clot buster) |
| Extrinsic pathway for coagulation | Damaged external tissues leak tissue factor 3 to activate factor 7 into blood stream (faster) |
| Intrinsic pathway for coagulation | Damaged endothelium exposes collagen fibers of blood vessel wall activating tissue factor 12. (slower) |
| Final common pathway for coagulation | Tissue factor 10 & 5 to activate prothrombinase which converts prothrombin into thrombine which converts fibrinogen into fibrin |
| Embolus | Clot, air-bubble, or fat from broken bone in the blood |
| Name two anticoagulants | Heparin and warfarin |
| Hemophilia | Genetic lack of any clotting factor affects coagulation. Physical exertion causes bleeding and excruciating pain. |
| Hemophilia A & B | Sex-linked recessive in males (inherited from mother.) A: Missing factor 8 (83% of cases) B: Missing factor 9 (15% of cases) |
| Hemophilia C | Missing factor 11 (autosomal) Less severe because alternate clotting activator exists |
| RBC antigens | Agglutinogens A & B |
| Plasma antibodies | Agglutinins anti -A & -B |
| RhoGam | A shot given to pregnant mother with Rh- blood and Rh+ fetus, right before her 2nd childbirth to stop mother's blood from attacking the fetus' |
| Thalassemia anemia | Hereditary deficiency of hemoglobin |
| Disseminated intravascular clotting | Life threatening paradoxical presence of blood clotting and bleeding at the same time throughout the whole body. |
| Acute leukemia | Uncontrolled production of immature leukocytes. Prevents production of RBCs and platelets |
| Chronic leukemia | Accumulation of mature WBCs |
| Recycling of hemoglobin | Globin: broken down into amino acids and recycled Heme: Split into iron (Fe+3) and biliverdin (green pigment) |
Created by:
Destynelamar
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