Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Blood
Circulatory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is hematology | Study of blood and blood disorders |
| What is the pH of blood (venous and arterial) and average temp | 7.4 (7.35-7.45). 100.4 degrees F |
| Erythrocyte function | Transport O2 and some CO2 |
| What are erythrocytes filled with | Cytoplasm filled with hemoglobin that gives blood its red color. No nuclei |
| Life span of erythrocyte and how is it broken down | About 120 days, broken down by macrophages in liver or spleen |
| Hemoglobin function | Carries oxygen throughout body |
| What values indicate the amount of O2 blood can carry | Hematocrit, # of RBC's, and hemoglobin concentration |
| Iron deficiency anemia | Body doesn't have enough iron to build healthy RBCs causing them to be small and pale. Resulting in fatigue, shortness of breath, etc. |
| Sickle cell anemia | Genetic defect in hemoglobin molecule (Hb-S) that changes to amino acids. Found among populations in malaria belt |
| Reticulocyte count. What would a low count mean | Immature red blood cell. Still has portion of nuclei. .5-1.5%. In an anemic person it could mean bone marrow problems (leukemia) |
| Leukocytes | WBC. Cells of the immune system |
| Granulocytes function | WBCs that package potent chemicals into lysosomes |
| Agranulocytes | Do not have granules that stain |
| What WBCs are granulocytes (ends in -phil) | Basophil/mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils |
| What WBCs are agranulocytes (ends in -cyte) | Monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes/plasma cells |
| WBCs from most to least abundant | 1. Neutrophils 2. Lymphocytes 3. Monocytes 4. Eosinophils 5. Basophils |
| Neutrophils function, life span, and nuclei | "First responders." Leave blood to fend off infections. Increase during bacterial infections. Release lysosomes which kill bacteria. Live about 8 hours. 2-5 lobes of nuclei. 60-70% of WBC |
| What is pus | Dead neutrophils |
| What are the three types of Lymphocytes | T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells |
| B cell function | Turn into plasma cells that make antibodies. Provide immunological memory. Destroy bacteria & their toxins. Attack invaders outside of cells |
| T cell function | Attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells, and some bacteria. Assess cell identity. Attack invaders inside the cells. |
| Natural killer cells function | Attack many different microbes and some tumor cells. Destroy foreign invaders by direct attack. |
| Lymphocytes function | Increase in number during viral infections. 20-25% of WBC |
| Monocyte function and nuclei shape | Convert to macrophages in cells of tissues. Largest WBC. Increase in viral infections/inflammation. Take longer to travel to infection, but arrive in large numbers. Clean up debris after infection. Nucleus is horse-shoe shape. 3-8% of WBC |
| Eosinophils function and nucleus shape | Respond to parasitic infection/allergies. Release histaminase (slows down inflammation caused by basophils.) Nucleus with 2 or 3 lobes connected by thin strand. 2-4% of WBC |
| Basophil function and nucleus shape | Increase during chicken pox, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, allergies. Release heparin, histamine, and serotonin which leads to allergic reactions. Large purple/blue shape with lots of dots. <1% of WBC |
| RBCs are marked with what | Genetically determined glycoproteins (surface antigens.) Which determines blood type |
| What happens during a cross-reaction blood transfusion | If you have an interaction with an opposing blood type it causes agglutination (clumping) which results in hemolysis (destruction of RBC) |
| What blood type is the universal donor and which is the universal recipient | O negative and AB positive |
| Rh- | The absence of the protein. Rh- blood will make antibodies after first time exposed. If exposed to Rh+ for a second time, it can be very dangerous. |
| Platelets function and count | Cells fragment that control coagulation. 130,000-400,000 |
| What are the cells of the body serviced by | Blood and interstitial fluid |
| Interstitial fluid | Bathes the cells of the body |
| How do nutrients and oxygen move through the body | Diffuse from the blood into the interstitial fluid and then into the cells |
| How do wastes move through the body | In the reverse direction as nutrients/oxygen |
| Name 3 general functions of blood | Transportation, regulates pH/body temp/water content of cells, and protection from disease and blood loss |
| Average liters of blood in women and men | 5-6 L in men (more testosterone) and 4-5 L in women (menstruation) |
| What happens if the molarity of the dissolved particles in blood is too high | Fluid absorption into the blood causes high BP |
| What happens if the molarity of the dissolved particles in blood is too low | Fluid remains in the tissues causing edema (swelling of tissues due to excess of trapped fluid) |
| Hematocrit definition | The ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood. |
| Hematocrit % | 55% plasma & 45% cells (99%-RBCs <1% WBCs and platelets) |
| What and where is the "buffy coat" | The small fraction between the plasma and RBCs of an anti-coagulated blood sample that contains most of the WBCs and platelets |
| What is plasma mostly made of | Water (91.5%) |
| What are the three types of plasma proteins | Albumins, globulins (antibodies), and fibrinogins (help from blood clots) |
| How are plasma proteins formed | By liver (except globulins.) Produced by plasma cells descended from B lymphocytes |
| Polycythemia | Too many RBCs (over 65%) |
| What is blood doping | Injecting previously stored RBCs before an athletic event to increase the amount of cells to deliver O2 to tissues (leads to polycythemia) |
| What is hemopoiesis | The production of red blood cells and platelets, occurs in the bone marrow |
| What is erythropoietin (EPO) | Increase RBCs, produced by the kidneys |
| What is thrombopoietin (TPO) | Hormone that comes from the liver that increases the production of megakarocytes which break down into platelets |
| What enzyme do erythrocytes contain and name its function | Carbonic Anhydrase (CAH.) Produces carbonic acid from CO2 and water. Important role in gas transport and pH balance |
| What happens if you become hypoxic (low RBCs/O2 transport due to high elevations, increase exercise, hemorrhaging) | Sensed by kidneys/liver, EPO production increases, stimulation of red bone marrow = increased RBCs & O2 transport |
| What is a key requirement for erythropoiesis | Iron |
| What would you take for rapid cell division | B12 and folic acid |
| Hemoglobin transports... | 23% of total CO2 waste from tissue cells to lungs for release |
| What else does hemoglobin transport with CO2 | Nitric oxide and super nitric oxide, helping to regulate BP (vasodilation) |
| What is perfusion | The passage of fluid through the circulatory system or lymphatic system to an organ or a tissue, usually referring to the delivery of blood to a capillary bed in a tissue. |
| Where does vasodilation happen | Where O2 is the freshest (based on CO2 levels) |
| Pernicious anemia | Inadequate vit B12 from poor nutrition or lack of intrinsic factor from glands of the stomach |
| Aplastic anemia | Complete cessation (stops creating new RBCs) Cause unknown |
| Hemorrhagic anemia | Loss of blood |
| Hemolytic anemia | RBC destruction |
| Leukocytosis | High white blood cell count (microbes, stertorous exercise, anesthesia or surgery) |
| Leukopenia | Low white blood cell count (radiation, shock, or chemo) |
| Leukemia | Cancer of hemopoietic tissue |
| What are the three hemostatic mechanisms and what do they involve | They all involve platelets. 1. Vascular spasm, 2. platelet plug formation, 3. Blood clotting |
| Hemostasis definition | To stop bleeding in a quick and localized manner when blood vessels are damaged |
| Vascular spasm | Prompt constriction of a broken vessel. Platelets release serotonin (chemical vasoconstrictor.) Provides time for other two mechanisms to work |
| What chemicals do platelets store in granules needed for platelet plug formation | Alpha granules and dense granules |
| What is the process for the platelet plug formation | 1. Platelet adhesion, 2. platelet release reaction, 3. platelet aggregation |
| Alpha granules | Clotting factors and platelet derived growth factor (cause proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle, and fibroblasts, to repair damaged vessels) |
| Dense granules | ADP, ATP, Ca+2, serotonin, fibrin stabilizing factor, and enzymes that produce thromboxane A2 (constricts vessels) |
| What does the normal endothelium of a blood vessel look like and what happens when broken | Very smooth and coated with prostacyclin (repels platelets and causes vasodilation.) When broken it exposes rough surfaces of collagen=platelet plug formation begins |
| What happens during platelet plug formation | Platelet psuedopods stick to damaged vessel/other platelets, psuedopods contract and draw walls of vessel together forming the plug. Positive feedback cycle until the break is sealed. |
| What happens when platelets degranulate during platelet plug formation | Releases serotonin as vasoconstrictor. Releases ADP to attract/degranulate more platelets. Releases thromboxane A2 that promotes aggregation, degranulation, and vasoconstriction. |
| Platelet adhesion | Platelets stick to exposed collagen underlying damaged endothelial cells in vessel wall |
| Platelet release reaction | Platelets activated by adhesion release thromboxane A2, ADP (activating other platelets), and serotonin. These (except ADP) cause vasoconstriction decreasing blood flow through the injured vessel |
| Platelet aggregation | Activated platelets stick together and activate new platelets to form platelet plug. This, reinforced by fibrin threads, is formed during clotting process |
| Coagulation in simple terms | Blood drawn from body thickens into gel from a clot of insoluble fibers (fibrin) where the cells get trapped |
| Thrombosis | Clotting that occurs in unbroken blood vessel (blood clot) |
| Blood clot dissolution | Factor 7 speeds up the formation of kallikrein enzyme which converts plasminogen into plasmin (fibrin-dissolving enzyme or clot buster) |
| Extrinsic pathway for coagulation | Damaged external tissues leak tissue factor 3 to activate factor 7 into blood stream (faster) |
| Intrinsic pathway for coagulation | Damaged endothelium exposes collagen fibers of blood vessel wall activating tissue factor 12. (slower) |
| Final common pathway for coagulation | Tissue factor 10 & 5 to activate prothrombinase which converts prothrombin into thrombine which converts fibrinogen into fibrin |
| Embolus | Clot, air-bubble, or fat from broken bone in the blood |
| Name two anticoagulants | Heparin and warfarin |
| Hemophilia | Genetic lack of any clotting factor affects coagulation. Physical exertion causes bleeding and excruciating pain. |
| Hemophilia A & B | Sex-linked recessive in males (inherited from mother.) A: Missing factor 8 (83% of cases) B: Missing factor 9 (15% of cases) |
| Hemophilia C | Missing factor 11 (autosomal) Less severe because alternate clotting activator exists |
| RBC antigens | Agglutinogens A & B |
| Plasma antibodies | Agglutinins anti -A & -B |
| RhoGam | A shot given to pregnant mother with Rh- blood and Rh+ fetus, right before her 2nd childbirth to stop mother's blood from attacking the fetus' |
| Thalassemia anemia | Hereditary deficiency of hemoglobin |
| Disseminated intravascular clotting | Life threatening paradoxical presence of blood clotting and bleeding at the same time throughout the whole body. |
| Acute leukemia | Uncontrolled production of immature leukocytes. Prevents production of RBCs and platelets |
| Chronic leukemia | Accumulation of mature WBCs |
| Recycling of hemoglobin | Globin: broken down into amino acids and recycled Heme: Split into iron (Fe+3) and biliverdin (green pigment) |
Created by:
Destynelamar
Popular Anatomy sets