A&P 1 Ch 2 Quiz Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
anything that has mass and occupies space; cannot be created or destroyed | matter |
simple form of matter, a substance that cannot be broken down into 2 or more different substances | element |
there are ____ elements in the human body | 26 |
there are ___ major elements in the human body | 11 |
what are the 4 elements that make up 96% of the human body? | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen |
there are 15 ____elements that make up less than 2% of body weight | trace |
atom of two or more elements joined to form chemical combinations | compound |
the concept of an ____ was proposed by the English chemist John Dalton | atom |
atoms contain several different kinds of subatomic particles; | atomic structure |
positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus | protons |
neutral subatomic particles found in the nucleus | neutrons |
negatively charged subatomic particles found in hte electron cloud | electron |
1)the number of protons in an atom's nucleus 2) the _______ is critically important; it identifies the kind of element | atomic number |
1) the mass of a single atom 2) it is equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus | atomic weight |
in a stable atom, the total number of ________ in an atom equals the number of protons in nucleus | electrons |
the electrons form a ____ around the nucleus | cloud |
a model resembling planets revolving around the sun, useful in visualizing the structures of atoms | bohr model |
exhibits electrons in concentric circles showing relative distances for the electrons form the ____ | nucleus |
each ring or shell represents a specific ______ and can only hold a certain number of electrons | energy level |
the number and arrangement of electrons determine whether an atom is chemically______ | stable |
an atom with 8, or four pairs, of electrons in the outermost energy level is chemically_____ | inert |
an atom w/o a full outermost energy level is chemically ________ | active |
atoms with few or more than 8 electrons in the outer energy level will attempt to lose, gain, or share electrons with other atoms to achieve stability | octet rule |
______ of an element contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons | isotopes |
isotopes have the same __________ and therefore the same basic chemical properties as any other atom of the same element but they have a different atomic weight | atomic number |
an unstable isotope that undergoes nuclear breakdown and emits nuclear particles and radiation | radioactive isotope (radioisotope) |
interaction between 2 or more atoms that occurs as a result of activity between electrons in their outermost energy levels | chemical reaction |
2 or more atoms joined together | molecule |
consists of molecules formed by atoms of 2 or more elements | compound |
2 types unite atoms into molecules | chemical bonds |
formed by transfer of electrons; strong electrostatic force that binds positively and negatively charged ions together | ionic, or electrovalent bond |
formed by sharing electron pairs between atoms | covalent bond |
much weaker than ionic or covalent bonds results from unequal charge distribution on molecules | hydrogen bond |
form when electrons are unequally shared (ex. water molecule); polar molecules have regions with partial electrical charges resulting from unequal sharing electrons among atoms; areas of different partial charges attract one another to form _________ | hydrogen bonds |
other weak attractions attract molecules to each other through difference in ________ | electrical charge |
______ involve the formation or breaking of chemical bonds | chemical reactions |
how many basic types of chemical reaction are involved in physiology? | 3 |
combining of 2 or more substances to form a more complex substancel formation of new chemical bonds a+B ---->AB | Synthesis reaction |
breaking down of substance into 2 or more simpler substances; breaking of chemical bonds: AB-----> A+B | decomposition reaction |
decomposition of 2 substances and, in exchange, synthesis of 2 new compounds from them: AB+CD ------> AD+CB | exchange reaction |
occur in both directions | reversible reactions |
all of the chemical reactions that occur in body cells | metabolism |
_____ tears down | catabolism |
chemical reactions that break down complex compounds into simpler ones and release ______ | energy |
______ is a common catabolic reaction | hydrolysis |
ultimately, the end products of catabolism are _____, ______ and other waste products | carbon dioxide, water |
more than half the energy released is transferred to ______; which is then used to do cellular work | ATP |
______builds up | anabolism |
chemical reactions that join _______ molecules together to form more _____ molecules | simple, complex |
chemical reaction responsible for anabolism is _________ | dehydration synthesis |
**few have carbon atoms & none have C-C or C-H bonds | inorganic compounds |
have at least 1 carbon atom and at least 1 c-c o c-h bond in each molecule | organic molecules |
organic molecules often have functional groups attached to the ______________ core of the molecule | carbon-containing |
the body's most abundant and important compound | water |
allows water to act as an effective solvent; ionizes substances in solution | polarity |
the solvent allows _______ of essential materials throughout the body | transportation |
water can lose and gain large amounts of heat with little change in its own temperature; enables the body to maintain a relatively constant temperature | high specific heat |
water requires the absorptions of significant amounts of heat to change it from a liquid to a gas; allows the body to dissipate excess heat | high heat of vaporization |
closely related to cellular respiration | oxygen and carbon dioxide |
required to complete decomposition reaction necessary for the release of energy in the body | oxygen |
produced as a waste product and also helps maintain the appropriate acid-case balance in the body | carbon dioxide |
large group of inorganic compounds that includes acids, bases, and salts | electrolytes |
substances that dissociate in solution to form______ (the resulting ______ are sometimes called electrolytes | ions |
positively charged ions are ______ | cations |
negatively charged ions are | anions |
common and important chemical substances that are chemical opposites | acids and bases |
room air is___% oxygen | 21 |
blood has a p.h of ? | 7.4 |
any substance that releases a hydrogen ion when in solution: proton donor | acid |
level of _____ depends on the number of hydrogen ions a particular acid will release | acidity |
electrolytes that dissociate to yield hydroxide ions (OH-) or other electrolytes that combine with hydrogen ions (H+); described as protein acceptors | base |
assigns a value to measures of acidity and alkalinity | pH scale |
pH of ? indicates neutrality | 7 |
pH of less than 7 indicates ____ | acidity |
pH higher than 7? | alkalinity |
_____ maintain the constancy of pH; acts as "reservoir" for hydrogen ions: | buffers |
compound that results from chemical interactions of an acid and a base | salt |
reaction between an acid and base to for a salt and water is called? | neutralization reaction |
_______ describes compounds that contain C-C or C-H bonds | organic |
-organic compounds containing cargon, hydrogen and oxygen commonly called sugars and starches | carbohydrates |
simple sugars with short carbon chains; those with 6 carbons are hexoses (ex. glucose, whereas those with 5 are pentoses ( ribose, deoxyribose) | monosaccharides |
2 or more simple sugars that are bonded together through synthesis reaction | disaccharide (2), polysaccharide (more than 2) |
water-insoluble organic molecules that are critically important biological compounds | lipids |
major roles of lipids are? | energy source, structural role, integral parts of cell membranes |
most abundant lipids and most concentrated source of energy | triglycerides or fats |
the building blocks of triglycerides are _____ ( the same for each fat molecule )and ______ (different for each fat and determine the chemical nature) | glycerol and fatty acids |
types of catty acids | saturated fatty acid (all available bonds are filled- worst) unsaturated fatty acid (has one or more double bonds) |
triglycerides are formed by | dehydration synthesis |
_____ are fat compounds similar to triglycerides | phospholipds |
one end of the phospholipid is watersoluble (____) and the other is fat soluble (_______) | hydrophilic, hydrophobic |
phospholipids can join _ different chemical enviornments | 2 |
phospholipds may form double layers called____ | bilayers |
Good cholesterol is _____ Bad cholesterol is ____ | HDL LDL |
main component in steroids - | steroid nucleus |
involved in many structural and functional roles | steroids |
commonly called tissue hormones; produced by cell membranes throughout the body | prostaglandins |
effects are many and varied; however, they are ____in response to a specific stimulus and are _________ | released, activated |
most abundant organic compounds; chainlike polymers | proteins |
building blocks of proteins | amino acids |
eight amino acids that cannot be produced by the human body | essential amino acids |
12 amino acids can be produced from the molecules available in the human body | nonessential amino acids |
amino acids consist of a ____ atom, an amino group, a _____ group, a hydrogen atom and a ____ | carbon, carboxyl,side chain |
protein is needed to ? | heal |
protein molecules are highly organized to show a definite relationship between ____ & _____ | structure and function |
what are the 4 levels of protein structure | primary, secondary,tertiary,quaternary |
refers to the number, kind and sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain held together by peptide bonds | primary structure |
polypeptide is coiled or bent into pleated sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds | secondary structure |
a secondary structure can be further twisted and converted to a globular shape; the coils touch in many places and are "welded" by covalent and hydrogen bonds | tertiary structure |
highest level of organization occurring when protein ontains more than one polypeptide chain | quaternary structure |
______ protiens have lost their shape and therefore their function | denatured |
DNA (in the nucleus) | deoxyribonucleic acid |
composed of | deoxyribonucleotides, structuralunits composed of the pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base |
what functions as the molecule of heredity? | DNA |
RNA | ribonucleic acid |
composed of pentose sure (ribose) phospate and nitrogenous base- | RNA |
smoe RNA are regulatory and act as enzymes (_______) or silence gene expression (_________) | ribozymes, RNA interference |
ATP is composed of? | a) adenosine b)Ribose- a pentose sugar c) adenine- a nitrogen containing molecule |
ATP has | 3 phosphate subunits |
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | 2 extra phosphate groups to a nucleotide |
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athenia
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