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A&P 1 Ch 2 Quiz
National College Nursing A&P 1 Ch. 2 quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anything that has mass and occupies space; cannot be created or destroyed | matter |
| simple form of matter, a substance that cannot be broken down into 2 or more different substances | element |
| there are ____ elements in the human body | 26 |
| there are ___ major elements in the human body | 11 |
| what are the 4 elements that make up 96% of the human body? | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen |
| there are 15 ____elements that make up less than 2% of body weight | trace |
| atom of two or more elements joined to form chemical combinations | compound |
| the concept of an ____ was proposed by the English chemist John Dalton | atom |
| atoms contain several different kinds of subatomic particles; | atomic structure |
| positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus | protons |
| neutral subatomic particles found in the nucleus | neutrons |
| negatively charged subatomic particles found in hte electron cloud | electron |
| 1)the number of protons in an atom's nucleus 2) the _______ is critically important; it identifies the kind of element | atomic number |
| 1) the mass of a single atom 2) it is equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus | atomic weight |
| in a stable atom, the total number of ________ in an atom equals the number of protons in nucleus | electrons |
| the electrons form a ____ around the nucleus | cloud |
| a model resembling planets revolving around the sun, useful in visualizing the structures of atoms | bohr model |
| exhibits electrons in concentric circles showing relative distances for the electrons form the ____ | nucleus |
| each ring or shell represents a specific ______ and can only hold a certain number of electrons | energy level |
| the number and arrangement of electrons determine whether an atom is chemically______ | stable |
| an atom with 8, or four pairs, of electrons in the outermost energy level is chemically_____ | inert |
| an atom w/o a full outermost energy level is chemically ________ | active |
| atoms with few or more than 8 electrons in the outer energy level will attempt to lose, gain, or share electrons with other atoms to achieve stability | octet rule |
| ______ of an element contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons | isotopes |
| isotopes have the same __________ and therefore the same basic chemical properties as any other atom of the same element but they have a different atomic weight | atomic number |
| an unstable isotope that undergoes nuclear breakdown and emits nuclear particles and radiation | radioactive isotope (radioisotope) |
| interaction between 2 or more atoms that occurs as a result of activity between electrons in their outermost energy levels | chemical reaction |
| 2 or more atoms joined together | molecule |
| consists of molecules formed by atoms of 2 or more elements | compound |
| 2 types unite atoms into molecules | chemical bonds |
| formed by transfer of electrons; strong electrostatic force that binds positively and negatively charged ions together | ionic, or electrovalent bond |
| formed by sharing electron pairs between atoms | covalent bond |
| much weaker than ionic or covalent bonds results from unequal charge distribution on molecules | hydrogen bond |
| form when electrons are unequally shared (ex. water molecule); polar molecules have regions with partial electrical charges resulting from unequal sharing electrons among atoms; areas of different partial charges attract one another to form _________ | hydrogen bonds |
| other weak attractions attract molecules to each other through difference in ________ | electrical charge |
| ______ involve the formation or breaking of chemical bonds | chemical reactions |
| how many basic types of chemical reaction are involved in physiology? | 3 |
| combining of 2 or more substances to form a more complex substancel formation of new chemical bonds a+B ---->AB | Synthesis reaction |
| breaking down of substance into 2 or more simpler substances; breaking of chemical bonds: AB-----> A+B | decomposition reaction |
| decomposition of 2 substances and, in exchange, synthesis of 2 new compounds from them: AB+CD ------> AD+CB | exchange reaction |
| occur in both directions | reversible reactions |
| all of the chemical reactions that occur in body cells | metabolism |
| _____ tears down | catabolism |
| chemical reactions that break down complex compounds into simpler ones and release ______ | energy |
| ______ is a common catabolic reaction | hydrolysis |
| ultimately, the end products of catabolism are _____, ______ and other waste products | carbon dioxide, water |
| more than half the energy released is transferred to ______; which is then used to do cellular work | ATP |
| ______builds up | anabolism |
| chemical reactions that join _______ molecules together to form more _____ molecules | simple, complex |
| chemical reaction responsible for anabolism is _________ | dehydration synthesis |
| **few have carbon atoms & none have C-C or C-H bonds | inorganic compounds |
| have at least 1 carbon atom and at least 1 c-c o c-h bond in each molecule | organic molecules |
| organic molecules often have functional groups attached to the ______________ core of the molecule | carbon-containing |
| the body's most abundant and important compound | water |
| allows water to act as an effective solvent; ionizes substances in solution | polarity |
| the solvent allows _______ of essential materials throughout the body | transportation |
| water can lose and gain large amounts of heat with little change in its own temperature; enables the body to maintain a relatively constant temperature | high specific heat |
| water requires the absorptions of significant amounts of heat to change it from a liquid to a gas; allows the body to dissipate excess heat | high heat of vaporization |
| closely related to cellular respiration | oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| required to complete decomposition reaction necessary for the release of energy in the body | oxygen |
| produced as a waste product and also helps maintain the appropriate acid-case balance in the body | carbon dioxide |
| large group of inorganic compounds that includes acids, bases, and salts | electrolytes |
| substances that dissociate in solution to form______ (the resulting ______ are sometimes called electrolytes | ions |
| positively charged ions are ______ | cations |
| negatively charged ions are | anions |
| common and important chemical substances that are chemical opposites | acids and bases |
| room air is___% oxygen | 21 |
| blood has a p.h of ? | 7.4 |
| any substance that releases a hydrogen ion when in solution: proton donor | acid |
| level of _____ depends on the number of hydrogen ions a particular acid will release | acidity |
| electrolytes that dissociate to yield hydroxide ions (OH-) or other electrolytes that combine with hydrogen ions (H+); described as protein acceptors | base |
| assigns a value to measures of acidity and alkalinity | pH scale |
| pH of ? indicates neutrality | 7 |
| pH of less than 7 indicates ____ | acidity |
| pH higher than 7? | alkalinity |
| _____ maintain the constancy of pH; acts as "reservoir" for hydrogen ions: | buffers |
| compound that results from chemical interactions of an acid and a base | salt |
| reaction between an acid and base to for a salt and water is called? | neutralization reaction |
| _______ describes compounds that contain C-C or C-H bonds | organic |
| -organic compounds containing cargon, hydrogen and oxygen commonly called sugars and starches | carbohydrates |
| simple sugars with short carbon chains; those with 6 carbons are hexoses (ex. glucose, whereas those with 5 are pentoses ( ribose, deoxyribose) | monosaccharides |
| 2 or more simple sugars that are bonded together through synthesis reaction | disaccharide (2), polysaccharide (more than 2) |
| water-insoluble organic molecules that are critically important biological compounds | lipids |
| major roles of lipids are? | energy source, structural role, integral parts of cell membranes |
| most abundant lipids and most concentrated source of energy | triglycerides or fats |
| the building blocks of triglycerides are _____ ( the same for each fat molecule )and ______ (different for each fat and determine the chemical nature) | glycerol and fatty acids |
| types of catty acids | saturated fatty acid (all available bonds are filled- worst) unsaturated fatty acid (has one or more double bonds) |
| triglycerides are formed by | dehydration synthesis |
| _____ are fat compounds similar to triglycerides | phospholipds |
| one end of the phospholipid is watersoluble (____) and the other is fat soluble (_______) | hydrophilic, hydrophobic |
| phospholipids can join _ different chemical enviornments | 2 |
| phospholipds may form double layers called____ | bilayers |
| Good cholesterol is _____ Bad cholesterol is ____ | HDL LDL |
| main component in steroids - | steroid nucleus |
| involved in many structural and functional roles | steroids |
| commonly called tissue hormones; produced by cell membranes throughout the body | prostaglandins |
| effects are many and varied; however, they are ____in response to a specific stimulus and are _________ | released, activated |
| most abundant organic compounds; chainlike polymers | proteins |
| building blocks of proteins | amino acids |
| eight amino acids that cannot be produced by the human body | essential amino acids |
| 12 amino acids can be produced from the molecules available in the human body | nonessential amino acids |
| amino acids consist of a ____ atom, an amino group, a _____ group, a hydrogen atom and a ____ | carbon, carboxyl,side chain |
| protein is needed to ? | heal |
| protein molecules are highly organized to show a definite relationship between ____ & _____ | structure and function |
| what are the 4 levels of protein structure | primary, secondary,tertiary,quaternary |
| refers to the number, kind and sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain held together by peptide bonds | primary structure |
| polypeptide is coiled or bent into pleated sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds | secondary structure |
| a secondary structure can be further twisted and converted to a globular shape; the coils touch in many places and are "welded" by covalent and hydrogen bonds | tertiary structure |
| highest level of organization occurring when protein ontains more than one polypeptide chain | quaternary structure |
| ______ protiens have lost their shape and therefore their function | denatured |
| DNA (in the nucleus) | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| composed of | deoxyribonucleotides, structuralunits composed of the pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base |
| what functions as the molecule of heredity? | DNA |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid |
| composed of pentose sure (ribose) phospate and nitrogenous base- | RNA |
| smoe RNA are regulatory and act as enzymes (_______) or silence gene expression (_________) | ribozymes, RNA interference |
| ATP is composed of? | a) adenosine b)Ribose- a pentose sugar c) adenine- a nitrogen containing molecule |
| ATP has | 3 phosphate subunits |
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | 2 extra phosphate groups to a nucleotide |
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