A&P Exam 2 Word Scramble
|
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Subject | Answer |
Integumentary System | Skin |
Parts of the integument | cutaneous (skin) & accessory structures |
Size of the integument | largest organ system; 16% body weight |
Parts of cutaneous membrane | Outer epidermis and inner dermis |
Outer dermis | superficial epithelium (epithelial tissues) |
inner dermis | connective tissues |
Accessory structures to integument | originate in the dermis and extend through epidermis; hair, nails, and multicellular exocrine glands |
Connections to integument | Circulatory system and nervous system |
Circulatory system | blood vessels |
nervous system | sensory receptors for pain, touch, and temperature |
Subcutaneous layer | supeficial fascia or hypodermis; loose connective tissue, below the dermis |
Functions of skin | 1) protects underlying tissues and organs 2) excretes salts, water, and organic wastes (glands) 3)maintains body temperature (insulation and evaporation) 4) Synthesizes vitamin D 5)stores lipids 6) detects touch, pressure, pain, and temparature |
Epidermis | Avascular stratified squamous epithelium; nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis |
Keratinocytes | most abundant cells in the epidermis |
Thick Skin | has 5 layers of keratinocytes |
Think Skin | has 4 layers of keratinocytes |
Layers of Epidermis | stratum germinativum > stratum spinosum > stratum granulosum > stratum lucidum > stratum corneum |
Basal lamina | base of skin |
Characteristics of stratum germinativum | many stem cells (basal cells), attached to basal lamina by hemodemosomes, forms bond between epidermis and dermis |
Structures of stratum germinativum | Epidermal ridges (fingerprints) and dermal papillae (incrase surface area for grip) |
Merkel cells | cells of stratum germinativum, found in hairless skin, respond to touch |
Melanocytes | cells of stratum germinativum, contain melanin |
characteristics of Stratum Spinosum | spiny layer, 8-10 layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes, are spiny because the cells shrink until cytoskeletons stick out |
Cells of stratum spinosum | continue to divide increasing thickness of skin, contain kangerhans cells (active in immune) |
Characteristics of Stratum Granulosum | grainy layer |
Keratin | produced by stratum granulosum; tough, fibrous protein; makes up hair and nails |
Keratohyalin | produced by stratum granulosum; dense granules, cross-link keratin fibers |
Cells of stratum granulosum | produce protein fibers, dehydrate and die, create tightly interlocked layer of keratin surrounded by keratohyalin |
Stratum Lucidum | clear layer; only in thick skin |
cells of stratum lucidum | flat, dense, filled with keratin |
stratum corneum | horn layer bc its is what horns are made of; 15-30 layers of keratinized cells; water resistant; shed and replaced every 2 weeks |
Keratinization | formation of a lyer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin; occurs everywhere but eyes |
Skin Life Cycle | 15-30 days to move from stratum germinosum to stratum corneum |
Insensible perspiration | interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum |
Sensible perspiration | water excreted by sweat glands |
Causes of dehydration | water loss through skin due to damage to stratum corneum (burns and blisters) and saltwater |
Causes of hydration | freshwater (hypotonic)-causes stretching and wrinkling skin |
Skin color depends on | blood circulation, carotene, and melanin |
Melanin | yellow-brown or black pigment, produced by melanocytes in stratum germinativum, stored in vesicles (melanosomes), transferred ti jeratubicytes |
Carotene | orange-yellow, accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissue of dermis; can be converted to vitamin A |
Function of Melanocytes | protects skin from sun damage, produces skin color (depends on melanin production NOT number of melanocytes) |
UV radiation | causes DNA mutations and burns which lead to cancer and wrinkles |
How oxygenated red blood cells contribute to skin color | blood vessels dilate from heat, skin reddens/ blood flow decreases, skin pales |
Cyanosis | bluish skin tint caused by severe reduction in blood flow or oxygenation |
Jaundice | buildup of bile produced by liver; yellow color |
Addison's disease | disease of the pituitary gland; skin darkening |
Vitiligo | loss of melanocyte, loss of color (black to white) |
Nevus | a mole |
Hemangioma | capillary malformation (buildup)-birthmarks |
Angle's Kiss | birthmark located on forehead and eyelids, usually disappear by age 2 |
stork bite | birthmark on the back of the neck and can last into adulthood |
infantile hemangioma | most common birthmark; visible in first 2 weeks and grow until 6-9 months and lose color |
port-wine stain | birthmark also called nevus flammeus, flat, pink, red, or purple mark on face, arm, or leg that continues to grow with the child |
Vitamin D | also called cholecalciferol and produced by epidermal cells in the presence of UV radiation, converted to calitriol by liver and kidneys to aid absorption of calcium and phosphorus. Insufficient vitamin D causes rickets |
EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) | powerful peptide growth factor produced by glands (salivary and duodenum) and use to grow skin grafts. |
Functions of Epidermal growth factor | promote division of germinative cells, accelerate keratin production, stimulate epidermal repair, and stimulate glandular secretion |
Functions of the Dermis | Anchors epidermal accessory structures (hair follicles, sweat glands), and has 2 components: outer papillary layer and deep reticular layer |
The Reticular Layer | Dense irregular tissue; contains larger blood bessels, lymph vessels, and nerve fibers; contains collagen and elastic fibers; contains connective tissue proper |
Papillary Layer | consists of areolar tissue; smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons; has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridge |
Dermatitis | inflammation of the papillary layer; caused by infection, radiation, mechanical irriation, or chemical; itching or pain; strong, due to collagen fibers; elastic due to elastic fibers; flexible (skin turgor) |
Skin Damage | characterized by sagging and wrinkles caused by dehydration, age, hormonal changes, or UV exposure. |
Stretch Marks | thickened tissue resulting from thickened tissue resulting from excessive stretching of skin from pregnancy or weight gain |
Lines of Cleavage | Collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis are arranged in parallel bundles and resist force in a specific direction |
Pattern of Lines of Cleavage | a parallel cut remains shut, heals well; a cut across pulls open and scars |
Arteries n Dermis | Cutaneous plexus: a network of arteries along the reticular layer; Papillary plexus: capillary network from small arteries in papillary layer |
Veins in Dermis | Venous plexus: capillary return deep to the papillary plexus; Contusion: damage to blood vessels resulting in bruises |
Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) | lies below integument; stabilizes skin; allows separate movement; made of elastic areolar and adipose tissue; connected to reticular layer by connective tissue fibers; has few capillaries and no organs |
Adipose tissue (fat) | where it is distributed in the body is determined by hormones |
Hair | wrapped in a dense connective-tissue-sheath; base is surrounded by sensory nerves (root hair plexus) |
Arrector pili | involuntary smooth muscle |
Hair Growth | hair papilla contains capillaries and nerves; hair bulb produces hair matrix |
Hair Matrix | layer of dividing basal cells; produce hair structure; push hair up and out of skin |
Layers of the Hair | medulla: central core; cortex: middle layer; cuticle: surface layer |
Keratin | Soft keratin inside, hard keratin outside |
internal root sheath | inner layer of hair follicle; contacts cuticle in lower hair root |
external root sheath | extends from skin surface to hair matrix |
glassy membrane | dense connective-tissue sheath that contacts connective tissues of dermis |
Club hair | non growing hair attached to inactive follicle |
Lanugo hair | fetal hair follicles |
vellus hairs | soft, fine, cover body surface |
terminal hairs | heavy, pigmented; head, eyebrows, etc. |
Exocrine Glands | Sebaceous and sweat glands |
Sebaceous Glands (oil glands) | simple branched alveolar glands (associated with hair follicles) and sebaceous follicles |
Sebaceous follicles | discharge directly onto skin surface; holocrine glands; secrete sebum; contains lipids, lubricates and protects epidermis, and inhibits bacteria |
Sweat glands | Apocrine and Merocrine |
Aprocrine glands | found in armpits, nipples, and groin. assocaited with hair follicles; produce sticky, cloudy secretions; cause odors |
Merocrine Glands | widely distributed especially on palms and soles, cools skin, flushes microorganism and chemicals |
Ceruminous glands | protect eardrum and produces earwax |
Nails | Made of dead cells, produced in a deep epidermal fold near the bone called the nail root |
Classification of burns | 1st degree- damage to epidermis; 2nd degree- damage down to dermis; 3rd degree- damage to entire thickness of skin |
Created by:
Asund6
Popular Anatomy sets