Unit 2 Exam Word Scramble
|
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Question | Answer |
Albrecht and Leo X | heads of the indulgence problem; half of the prophets went to each |
Charles V | HRE and head of Diet of Worms |
Diet of Worms | Charles V told Luther to recant or else; he didn’t |
Diet of Speyer | said the German princes could ignore/enforce the Diet of Worms as they pleased, giving German princes control over their religion |
elector of Saxony and prince of Hesse | 2 most powerful German Protestant leaders |
cantons | states in Switzerland (there are 13) |
Zwingli | Zurich; liked Erasmus; critic of mercenary service; had affair but was elected as people’s priest; wanted end to clerical celibacy; whatever wasn’t in the Bible wasn’t necessary |
Marburg Colloquy | Philip of Hesse tried to bring Zwingli and Luther together to resolve their differences, but it failed |
Philip of Hesse | tried to unite Swiss and German Protestants |
Kappel | 2 major battles occurred here; where Zwingli was executed |
Anabaptists | Protestants who wanted adult Baptism only; drew support from all social classes; many were executed; took over Münster |
Conrad Grebel | originator of Anabaptism |
Schleitheim Confession of 1527 | autonomized Anabaptists and laid down their beliefs (pacifism, don’t swear oaths, literal separation) |
Menno Simons | founder of Mennonites |
Spiritualists | isolated; disdain for external religion; the Spirit of God in all of us is our religion |
Antitrinitarians | common sense, rational, religion; didn’t believe in Trinity; Calvinists |
predestination | God foreordained all souls to salvation or damnation; Calvinism |
Calvinism | divine predestination and an individual’s responsibility to reorder society according to God’s plan |
Calvin | “long stubborn heart” was “made teachable” by God; Geneva |
William Farel | leader of Calvinist revolution in Geneva; convinced Calvin to stay |
Bern | Geneva’s Protestant ally |
Institutes of the Christian Religion | definitive theological statement for the Protestants; only for “mature Christians” |
Strasbourg Model | adopted by Genevan Church; established 4 offices: (1) pastors, (2) teachers, (3) elders, (4) deacons |
Diet of Augsburg | called by Charles V; assembly of Catholics and Protestants to try and solve differences; ended with a blunt order for the Lutherans to convert back to Catholicism |
Schmalkaldic League | league formed by German Protestant lands against Catholics under the leadership of Philip of Hesse and Frederick of Saxony |
Augsburg Confession | definitive statement of Lutheran belief made in 1530 |
Schmalkaldic Articles | more strongly worded set of Lutheran principles |
King Christian II | Denmarkian who introduced Protestantism to the land |
Frederick I | Denmarkian under whom Lutheranism thrived; joined the Schmalkaldic League |
Christian III | Denmarkian who made Lutheranism the official religion |
King Gustavus Vasa | Swedish; wanted more land, so he embraced Lutheranism |
Diet of Vesteras | issued by Gustavus Vasa, it confiscated church lands in Sweden and subjected the clergy to royal authority |
Magdeburg | became a refuge for Protestants after Charles V tried to reconvert them all |
Maurice of Saxony | chosen by Charles V, he realized everything would eventually switch to Lutheranism and switched sides himself |
Peace of Passau | Charles reinstated Protestant leaders and guaranteed Lutherans religious freedom |
Peace of Augsburg | made the divisions permanent; the ruler of the land would decide what religion to follow; did not extend freedom to Calvinists or Anabaptists |
William Tyndale | translated Bible to English; he was a reformer |
Cardinal Thomas Wolsey | Henry VIII’s advisor, he tried to get him an annulment but didn’t (Sir Thomas Moore |
Cromwell (and Cranmer) | Henry VIII’s advisors with Lutheran sympathies |
“Reformation Parliament” | placed royal reigns on the clergy and monarchs must consult the Parliament when making changes in religion |
Convocation | legislative assembly representing the English clergy; recognized Henry as head of Church in England |
Submission of the Clergy | placed canon law under royal discretion, meaning the clergy were under royal authority |
Cranmer | became Archbishop of Canterbury and led the Convocation into invalidating Henry’s marriage |
Act of Succession | Anne Boleyn’s children declared legitimate heirs to the throne |
Act of Supremacy (#1) | Henry VIII declared head of the Church of England |
Ten Articles of 1536 | made some concessions to Protestants, but maintained all Catholic doctrine (except divorce); Henry forbid the English clergy from marrying |
Six Articles of 1539 | reaffirmed transubstantiation and denied the Eucharistic cup to the laity and provided for private masses |
Edward VI | strong supporter of Protestantism; Henry’s Articles repealed |
Edward Seymour and Earl of Warwick | Edward VI’s regents (He was too young to rule) |
Act of Uniformity | imposed Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer |
Second Act of Uniformity | revised Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer and 42 article confession of faith (sola fide, denied transubstantiation) |
Mary I | restored Catholic doctrine and practices; married to Philip II; cost England Calais |
Jesuits | new religious order that stressed religious and moral self-sacrifice and discipline |
Lady Jane Grey | supposed to take the throne after Edward VI, but the English saw Mary as next in line |
Elizabeth I | successor to Mary, she was a Protestant and liked the “middle way” of Anglicanism; didn’t want any religious extremes |
Sir William Cecil | Elizabeth I’s advisor |
Act of Supremacy (#2) | repealed anti-protestant legislation and declared Elizabeth head of spiritual and temporal matters |
Act of Uniformity (#2) | revised the Second Book of Common Prayer |
Puritans | Protestants working in the church to get rid of Catholic things; had 2 grievances: (1) get rid of Catholic vestments and ceremony in the Church and (2) wanted the episcopal system |
Philip II | tried to avoid confrontation with Elizabeth |
Pope Pius V | excommunicated Elizabeth for heresy |
Treaty of Nonsuch | provided troops and cavalry to the Netherlands |
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots | French and Catholic; people wanted her on the throne; executed by Elizabeth |
John Knox | Scottish reformer and founder of Presbyterianism |
Lord Darnley | Mary’s husband |
Babington Plot | plot against Elizabeth where Mary was clearly involved; led to her execution |
Sir Francis Drake | head of the English forces against the Spanish in the Spanish Armada |
James I | strong supporter of the divine right of kings, he wasn’t nearly as diplomatic as Elizabeth was |
impositions | new source of income imposed by James I |
Millenary petition | James’ response to the Puritan grievances saying Anglicanism was the religion |
Council of Trent | council called by Emperor Charles V and Pope Paul III to try and curb the selling of church offices and other religious goods; required priests to be educated and celibate; reaffirmed all of the Catholic positions during the Reformation |
Wet nursing | where a rich mother hires a nurse to suckle her infant |
Miguel de Cervantes | wrote Don Quixote de la Mancha, a Spanish book satirizing the chivalric romances of Spain |
Shakespeare | great playwright of England |
presbyter | “elder”; people who directed the affairs of early Christian congregations |
Counter | Reformation |
baroque | art form that had dramatic orientation characterized by curved lines and a three dimensional display of energy; Catholic art form to show the grandiose Church |
politiques | rulers or people in positions of power who put the success and well being of their empire first |
Huguenots | French Protestants; mostly aristocrats |
Edict of Fontainebleau | subjected the Huguenots to the Inquisition |
Edict of Chateaubriant | Henry II subjected new measures against the Protestants (it wasn’t until Henry IV, Henry of Navarre, that the crown became friendly to Protestants) |
Treaty of Cateau- Cambrésis | ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars in 1559; Europe actually had a moment of peace after this |
Henry II | French king who was mortally wounded, shifting the power to Spain |
Francis II | sickly boy who took over after Henry II |
Bourbons | power was in South and West; Huguenot sympathies |
Montmorency | Chatillons |
Guises | power in the East; established power over Francis II and the most powerful family |
Theodore Beza | converted the mother of the future King Henry IV; also pals with Calvin |
Condé | prince of Condé converted to Protestantism and along with the prince of Coligny merged with the French Huguenots |
Catherine de Medicis | regent for her son Charles IX; tried to reconcile the Protestants and Catholics; first concern was to protect the monarchy; wanted Catholic France but feared Guise control |
Charles IX | king after the sickly Francis II |
January Edict | allowed Protestants to worship publicly outside of towns |
Vassy | massacre here at a congregation by the duke of Guise marks the beginning of the French wars of religion |
First French war | duke of Guise was assassinated (April 1562 |
Second French war | bloodiest of all the conflicts, Condé was killed and Huguenot leadership passed to Coligny; this ended up being good because Coligny was much better militarily (1567 |
Peace of Saint | Germain |
Coligny | Became Charles IX’s most trusted advisor |
Louis of Nassau | leader of Protestant forces in the Netherlands; gained an ear into Coligny, thus the king |
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre | killing of thousands of French Huguenots; Catherine convinced Charles that the Huguenots were planning a coup and execution was necessary; it made the war no longer just between the Bourbons and the Guises |
Pope Gregory XIII | along with Philip II, they celebrated the Massacre |
John Knox | laid the groundwork for the Calvinist resistance |
Henry III | last of Henry II’s sons, he found the country wedged between the Catholic league and Huguenots |
Catholic League | alliance with Spain, France |
Peace of Beaulieu | granted the Huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedom |
Henry of Navarre | Henry IV, he led the Protestants; eventually forced to ally with Henry III; politique; “Paris is worth a mass” |
Day of Barricades | Henry III attempted to route the Catholic League and failed |
Edict of Nantes | proclaimed a formal religious settlement; recognized some religious rights of Huguenots; freedom of public worship, right of assembly, admission to public offices, and permission to maintain fortified towns |
Treaty of Vervins | ended hostilities between France and Spain |
Philip II | Spanish king; controlled the Habsburg lands; Castile gave him a strong home base; got money from the silver mines |
Inflation | loss of the value of money |
Don Carlos | son of Philip II, he died under suspicious circumstances |
Don John of Austria | fought and beat the Moors in Granada |
Holy League | Spain, Venice, Genoa, and the pope banded together against the Turks in the Mediterranean |
Battle of Lepanto | Don John vs. Ali Pasha (Ottoman); the Mediterranean now belonged to Spain and it pushed back the Muslim advance |
Cardinal Granvelle | hoped to check Protestant advances by reforming the Church; headed the council after Philip died; sought ecclesiastical reorganization until he was thrown out |
Count of Egmont (and William of Orange) | led resistance against Spain and attempted to reimpose their traditional rule |
William of Nassau | William of Orange, he sought the autonomy of the Netherlands over religious unity; he was very much a politique |
Compromise | pledge drawn up saying they would resist the tenants of Trent and the Inquisition |
Duke of Alba | dispatched to the Netherlands by Spanish; ended up executing tons of people |
“tenth penny” | 10% tax used to pay for the suppression of the Netherlands’ own revolt |
Sea Beggars | an international group of anti |
Spanish Fury | Spanish came into the streets of Antwerp and murdered thousands |
Pacification of Ghent | union of 10 Catholic provinces with 7 Protestant ones; declared regional sovereignty in matters of religion |
Union of Brussels | final peace that included 4 provinces that were holding out in the Pacification of Ghent |
Perpetual Edict | Signed by Don Juan, it signaled the departure of all Spanish forces in the Netherlands within 20 days |
Union of Arras | union of the southern (Catholic) provinces of the Netherlands with Spain |
Union of Utrecht | union of the northern (Protestant) provinces of the Netherlands |
Alençon | Netherlands declared him their titular leader, not Philip II anymore; when he actually tried to take control, he was deposed of |
Maurice | son of William of Orange; continued the fight of the Dutch |
Peace of Westphalia | full recognition of the independence of the northern provinces of the Netherlands |
Thirty- Nine Articles | made Protestantism the official religion in England |
Presbyterians | Scottish Calvinists and English Protestants who advocated a church with a semiautonomous congregation governed by “presbyteries” |
Congregationalists | put a group or assembly above any individual and prefer an ecclesiastical policy that allows each congregation to be self |
30 Years’ War | last and most destructive of the wars of religion |
Bavaria | strongly Catholic area in which the Counter |
Maximilian I | Bavarian who organized a Catholic league |
Ferdinand | Habsburg, his ascent to the throne in Bohemia caused the first outbreak of war; Catholic and Jesuit |
Letter of Majesty | broadened the rights of Bohemian Protestants by Rudolf II; revoked by Ferdinand |
Defenestration of Prague | throwing of Ferdinand’s regents out the window |
Frederick V | declared king by the other Bohemians as opposed to Ferdinand II |
Maximilian of Bavaria and John George I of Saxony | allied with Ferdinand II but had other motives |
Battle of White Mountain | Ferdinand II’s troops under Tilly routed Ferdinand V; quickly re |
Christian IV | Denmark king who wanted to extend Danish influence over towns around the North Sea |
Wallenstein | allied with Ferdinand II; brutal and good military strategist |
Edict of Restitution | re asserted Catholic safeguards in the Peace of Augsburg; reaffirmed illegality of Calvinism; it happened because Wallenstein was defeating everyone so badly |
Gustavus Adolphus I of Sweden | became the leader of Protestant forces and opened the new period of war; controlled by 2 groups: (1) Cardinal Richelieu and (2) the Dutch |
Breitenfeld | victory by the Swedish that completely switched the course of the way that it is regarded as the most decisive engagement of the 30 Years War |
Battle of Lützen | created a brief standstill; Gustavus Adolphus was killed |
Peace of Prague | the German Protestant states reached a compromise with Ferdinand II; France and the Netherlands did not reach a compromise |
Treaty of Westphalia | ended hostilities in HRE; written in French; rescinded the Edict of Restitution and reasserted the Peace of Augsburg (ruler of land determines religion); proclaimed independence of the Swiss Confederacy and the United Provinces of the Netherlands |
Treaty of Pyrenees | French and Spanish treaty that humiliated the Spanish and asserted France’s power and Spain’s demise |
Created by:
swimmingninja42
Popular European History sets