AP1-Chapter 5 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
the integument is the _____ system in the body. | largest |
what percentage of body weight is the integument? how much surface area does the integument cover? | 16; 1.5-2 meters squared |
what are the two parts of the integument? | 1. cutaneous membrane (skin) 2. accessory structures |
what are examples of accessory structures? | nails, hair, glands |
what are the two parts of the cutaneous membrane? (skin) | superficial epidermis (epithelial tissues) and the inner dermis (connective tissue) |
where do accessory structures originates from? | the dermis |
true or false: the epidermis has a blood supply | false; gets blood through diffusion of blood in vessels in the circulatory system |
what is another term for subcutaneous layer? | hypodermis |
what type of tissue makes up the hypodermis? | loose connective; below dermis |
where is the location used for many injections? | subcutaneous layer; hypodermis (hypodermic injections) |
what type of cells are in the epidermis? | avascular stratified squamous epithelium |
cells of the epidermis are referred to as ____________. | keratinocytes |
keratinocytes contain are large amount of _________. | keratin |
keratinocytes are the most abundant cells in the __________. | epidermis |
how many layers of skin does THIN skin have? | 4 |
how many layers of skin does THICK skin have? | 5 |
what is the extra layer that only is seen in thick skin called? | the stratum lucidum |
what are the 5 strata of the epidermis? | C,L,G,S,G superficial to deep: -corenum -lucidum -granulosum -spinosum -germinativum |
what type of cells does the germ layer have? | stem cells or basal cells |
what 2 structures does the basale layer have? | epidermal ridges and dermal papillae |
what kinds of cells does the basale have? | merkel cells and melanocytes |
what occurs in the spinosum layer aka "the spiny layer" | cells continue to divide |
what type of cells are in the spinosum layer? | langerhan cells |
what are langerhan cells used for? | immune response |
what happens in the granulosum layer aka "the grainy layer" | the cells stop dividing and start making keratin and kerotohylain |
which layer is only found in thick skin? | lucidum |
what is the corneum layer? | the exposed surface; keratinized cells |
how often is the corneum replaced? | every 2 weeks |
skin life cycle: it takes __-__ days for a cell to move from the germ layer to the corneum; total of __-__ days | 7-10; 15-30 |
what are the two types of perspiration? | insensible and sensible |
what is insensible perspiration? | fluid lose through evaporation; can not be seen |
what is sensible perspiration? | water excreted be swat glands; can be seen |
dehydration results in damage to the ______ layer. | corneum |
dehydration results in submission in a ________ solution | hypertonic |
hydration results in submission in a ______ solution. | hypotonic |
dehydration causes | burns and blisters |
hydration causes | wrinkles and stretching skin |
what does skin color depend on? | the pigments carotene and melanin; blood circulation |
carotene is... | a yellow-orange pigment; found in vegetables |
melanin is... | yellow-brown/black pigment; produced by melanocytes; stores in melanosomes |
skin color depends on melanin ___________ not the number of melanocytes | production |
if you have more melanin, you skin will be ___________. | darker |
if you lack melanin, your skin will be _______. | lighter |
what happens to an albino? | their immune system attacks the melanocytes |
what does melanin do? | protects skin from sun damage |
oxygenated red blood cells contribute to skin color. blood vessels dilate causing skin to _______. | redden |
oxygenated red blood cells contribute to skin color. blood flow decreasing causes skin to become ____. | pale |
cyanosis | blush skin; caused by severe reduction in blood flow |
jaundice | build-up of bile |
what color does one who suffers from jaundice? | yellow |
where is bile produced? | liver |
Addison's disease | pituitary gland secrets large amount of ACT |
what occurs to one who suffers from Addison's? | skin darkens |
vitiligo | loss of melanocytes; anitbodies attack normal melanocytes |
what occurs to the skin of someone suffering from vitiligo? | loss of color |
what is cholecalciferol? | vitamin D3; produces by epidermis |
the liver and kidneys convert vitamin d3 into what? | calcitriol |
what does calcitriol do? | absorbs calcium and phosphorus |
what can a lack of vitamin d3 result in? | rickets (bow-legged) |
epidermal growth factor (EGF) | powerful growth factor; used for skin grafts |
dermis has two components, what are they? | outer papillary layer and deep reticular layer |
papillary layer is made of ____________ tissue. | areolar |
papillary layer has ________ _________. | dermal papillae (projections between epidermal ridges) |
reticular layer is made of _____ _________ _________ tissue. | dense irregular connective |
reticular layer contains _______ _______, _______ ______ and ______ ________. | blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerve fibers |
reticular layer contains _____ and _____ ______. | collagen and elastic fibers |
reticular layers contains _____ _____ ______. | connective tissue proper |
dermatitis | inflammation of the papillary layer |
what does "itis" mean? | inflammation |
3 characteristics of dermis | strong(collagen fibers) elastic (elastic fibers) flexible (turgor) |
sagging and wrinkles are caused by what? | reduction in elastin |
4 causes of sagging/wrinkles: | dehydration, age, hormonal changes, UV exposure |
what is the worst type of skin cancer? | melanoma |
what causes stretch marks? | thickened tissue and fibers caused by surpassing elastic limits |
excessive skin stretching can be caused by what two things? | pregnancy and weight gain |
cleavage lines are caused by what two things in the dermis? | collagen and elastic fibers |
cleavage lines are arranged in a what? | parallel bundle and resist force in ONE direction |
cleavage lines establish a pattern. a parallel cut heals ____. | well |
cleavage lines establish a pattern. a horizontal cut heals ____. | not well; leaves scars |
what are the two types of arteries? | cutaneous plexus and papillary plexus |
cutaneous plexus | network of arteries along the reticular layer |
papillary plexus | capillary network of small arteries along the papillary layer |
what are the two types of veins? | venous plexus and contusion |
venous plexus | capillary return deep to papillary layer |
contusion | damage to blood vessels resulting in "black and blue" bruising |
what are decubitus ulcers? | bed sores |
what happens that causes a bed sore? | compression of blood vessels due to not moving over a period of time |
tactile disks monitor what? | merkel cells |
tactile corpuscles are sensitive to what? | light touch |
lamellated corpuscles are sensitive to what? | deep pressures and vibrations |
what is another name for hypodermis? | subcutaneous layer |
is the subcutaneous layer part of the integument? | no |
subcutaneous layer is made of what? | elastic areolar and adipose tissue |
subcutaneous layer has few what? | few capillaries and no vital organs |
hypodermic injections are stuck into the subcutaneous layer by using what? | hypodermic needles |
what is adipose tissue? | fat |
what are accessory structures of the integument? | hair, hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands and nails |
hair is located all over the body except for what 4 places? | palms of hands, soles of feet, lips, and external genitalia |
accessory structures: arrector pili | involuntary smooth muscle; causes hair to stand up; causes "goosebumps" |
accessory structures: sebaceous glands | lubricate hair; control bacteria |
regions of the hair: root | lower part; attached to integument |
regions of the hair: shaft | upper part; not attached |
how hair grows? | papilla contains capillaries and nerves; bulb produces matrix |
matrix | layer of dividing cells; pushes hair up and out of skin |
hair growth cycle: growing hair | attached to matrix |
hair growth cycle: club hair | not growing; attached to inactive follicle |
new hair growth cycle | follicle becomes active; makes new hair; club hair is shed |
two types of hair | vellus and terminal |
vellus hair | soft/fine hair; covers body surface |
another name for vellus hair? | peach fuzz |
terminal hair | havily pigmented; head, eyebrows, eyelashes (other parts after puberty: armpits, pubic area, limbs) |
how is hair color determined? | melanocytes; genes also |
which type of glands are exocrine glands? | sebaceous glands |
sebaceous glands are _________ | holocrine (cell explodes on follicle/skin) |
sebaceous glands secrete what? | sebum |
what is sebum? | lubricates/protects epidermis; inhibits bacterial growth; contains carbs/lipids/other things |
what are the two types of sebaceous glands? | simple branched alveolar and sebaceous follicles |
simple branched alveolar | associated with hair follicles |
sebaceous follicles | discharge directly onto skin |
sebaceous follicles are the source of seborrheic dermatitis...what is this? | dandruff |
what are the two types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands? | apocrine and merocrine |
apocrine sweat glands | discharge on hair follicles |
apocrine sweat gland secretions | sticky/cloudy |
merocrine sweat glands | discharge directly onto skin surface |
merocrine sweat gland secretions | watery |
another name for merocrine sweat glands | eccrine glands |
which type of land produces odor? | apocrine |
where are apocrine (odor) secretions found? | armpits, nipples, groins |
what do myoepithelial cells do? | squeeze secretions onto skin surface |
functions of merocrine sweat | cools skin; excretes water/electrolytes; flushes out microorganisms |
mammary glands | produce milk |
ceruminous glands | protects eardrum and produce cerumen (ear wax) |
control of glands: autonomic nervous system | controls sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands; all over body |
control of glands: merocrine sweat glands | controlled independently; in local area |
homeostasis can be reached using this | thermoregulation (sweating) |
what are nails made of? | dead cells packed with keratin |
nail production | occurs deep in the epidermal fold near the bone called the nail root |
structure of the nail: nail body | visible part; covers nail bed |
structure of the nail: lunula | pale crescent at the base of the nail |
structure of the nail: sides of the nails | lateral nails (grooves) lateral nail (folds) |
structure of the nail: skin beneath the free edge of the nail | hyponychium |
eponychium | cuticle |
repair of localized injuries to the skin: step 1 | bleeding; mast cells trigger inflammation response |
repair of localized injuries to the skin: step 2 | scab |
inflammatory repsonse | macrophanges clean area; fibroblasts and endothelial cells come in and make granulation tissue |
repair of localized injuries to the skin: step 3 | scar tissue |
repair of localized injuries to the skin: step 4 | keloid (raises area) forms |
effects of aging | everything decreases |
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Lacey1
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