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AP1-Chapter 5
the integumentary system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the integument is the _____ system in the body. | largest |
| what percentage of body weight is the integument? how much surface area does the integument cover? | 16; 1.5-2 meters squared |
| what are the two parts of the integument? | 1. cutaneous membrane (skin) 2. accessory structures |
| what are examples of accessory structures? | nails, hair, glands |
| what are the two parts of the cutaneous membrane? (skin) | superficial epidermis (epithelial tissues) and the inner dermis (connective tissue) |
| where do accessory structures originates from? | the dermis |
| true or false: the epidermis has a blood supply | false; gets blood through diffusion of blood in vessels in the circulatory system |
| what is another term for subcutaneous layer? | hypodermis |
| what type of tissue makes up the hypodermis? | loose connective; below dermis |
| where is the location used for many injections? | subcutaneous layer; hypodermis (hypodermic injections) |
| what type of cells are in the epidermis? | avascular stratified squamous epithelium |
| cells of the epidermis are referred to as ____________. | keratinocytes |
| keratinocytes contain are large amount of _________. | keratin |
| keratinocytes are the most abundant cells in the __________. | epidermis |
| how many layers of skin does THIN skin have? | 4 |
| how many layers of skin does THICK skin have? | 5 |
| what is the extra layer that only is seen in thick skin called? | the stratum lucidum |
| what are the 5 strata of the epidermis? | C,L,G,S,G superficial to deep: -corenum -lucidum -granulosum -spinosum -germinativum |
| what type of cells does the germ layer have? | stem cells or basal cells |
| what 2 structures does the basale layer have? | epidermal ridges and dermal papillae |
| what kinds of cells does the basale have? | merkel cells and melanocytes |
| what occurs in the spinosum layer aka "the spiny layer" | cells continue to divide |
| what type of cells are in the spinosum layer? | langerhan cells |
| what are langerhan cells used for? | immune response |
| what happens in the granulosum layer aka "the grainy layer" | the cells stop dividing and start making keratin and kerotohylain |
| which layer is only found in thick skin? | lucidum |
| what is the corneum layer? | the exposed surface; keratinized cells |
| how often is the corneum replaced? | every 2 weeks |
| skin life cycle: it takes __-__ days for a cell to move from the germ layer to the corneum; total of __-__ days | 7-10; 15-30 |
| what are the two types of perspiration? | insensible and sensible |
| what is insensible perspiration? | fluid lose through evaporation; can not be seen |
| what is sensible perspiration? | water excreted be swat glands; can be seen |
| dehydration results in damage to the ______ layer. | corneum |
| dehydration results in submission in a ________ solution | hypertonic |
| hydration results in submission in a ______ solution. | hypotonic |
| dehydration causes | burns and blisters |
| hydration causes | wrinkles and stretching skin |
| what does skin color depend on? | the pigments carotene and melanin; blood circulation |
| carotene is... | a yellow-orange pigment; found in vegetables |
| melanin is... | yellow-brown/black pigment; produced by melanocytes; stores in melanosomes |
| skin color depends on melanin ___________ not the number of melanocytes | production |
| if you have more melanin, you skin will be ___________. | darker |
| if you lack melanin, your skin will be _______. | lighter |
| what happens to an albino? | their immune system attacks the melanocytes |
| what does melanin do? | protects skin from sun damage |
| oxygenated red blood cells contribute to skin color. blood vessels dilate causing skin to _______. | redden |
| oxygenated red blood cells contribute to skin color. blood flow decreasing causes skin to become ____. | pale |
| cyanosis | blush skin; caused by severe reduction in blood flow |
| jaundice | build-up of bile |
| what color does one who suffers from jaundice? | yellow |
| where is bile produced? | liver |
| Addison's disease | pituitary gland secrets large amount of ACT |
| what occurs to one who suffers from Addison's? | skin darkens |
| vitiligo | loss of melanocytes; anitbodies attack normal melanocytes |
| what occurs to the skin of someone suffering from vitiligo? | loss of color |
| what is cholecalciferol? | vitamin D3; produces by epidermis |
| the liver and kidneys convert vitamin d3 into what? | calcitriol |
| what does calcitriol do? | absorbs calcium and phosphorus |
| what can a lack of vitamin d3 result in? | rickets (bow-legged) |
| epidermal growth factor (EGF) | powerful growth factor; used for skin grafts |
| dermis has two components, what are they? | outer papillary layer and deep reticular layer |
| papillary layer is made of ____________ tissue. | areolar |
| papillary layer has ________ _________. | dermal papillae (projections between epidermal ridges) |
| reticular layer is made of _____ _________ _________ tissue. | dense irregular connective |
| reticular layer contains _______ _______, _______ ______ and ______ ________. | blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerve fibers |
| reticular layer contains _____ and _____ ______. | collagen and elastic fibers |
| reticular layers contains _____ _____ ______. | connective tissue proper |
| dermatitis | inflammation of the papillary layer |
| what does "itis" mean? | inflammation |
| 3 characteristics of dermis | strong(collagen fibers) elastic (elastic fibers) flexible (turgor) |
| sagging and wrinkles are caused by what? | reduction in elastin |
| 4 causes of sagging/wrinkles: | dehydration, age, hormonal changes, UV exposure |
| what is the worst type of skin cancer? | melanoma |
| what causes stretch marks? | thickened tissue and fibers caused by surpassing elastic limits |
| excessive skin stretching can be caused by what two things? | pregnancy and weight gain |
| cleavage lines are caused by what two things in the dermis? | collagen and elastic fibers |
| cleavage lines are arranged in a what? | parallel bundle and resist force in ONE direction |
| cleavage lines establish a pattern. a parallel cut heals ____. | well |
| cleavage lines establish a pattern. a horizontal cut heals ____. | not well; leaves scars |
| what are the two types of arteries? | cutaneous plexus and papillary plexus |
| cutaneous plexus | network of arteries along the reticular layer |
| papillary plexus | capillary network of small arteries along the papillary layer |
| what are the two types of veins? | venous plexus and contusion |
| venous plexus | capillary return deep to papillary layer |
| contusion | damage to blood vessels resulting in "black and blue" bruising |
| what are decubitus ulcers? | bed sores |
| what happens that causes a bed sore? | compression of blood vessels due to not moving over a period of time |
| tactile disks monitor what? | merkel cells |
| tactile corpuscles are sensitive to what? | light touch |
| lamellated corpuscles are sensitive to what? | deep pressures and vibrations |
| what is another name for hypodermis? | subcutaneous layer |
| is the subcutaneous layer part of the integument? | no |
| subcutaneous layer is made of what? | elastic areolar and adipose tissue |
| subcutaneous layer has few what? | few capillaries and no vital organs |
| hypodermic injections are stuck into the subcutaneous layer by using what? | hypodermic needles |
| what is adipose tissue? | fat |
| what are accessory structures of the integument? | hair, hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands and nails |
| hair is located all over the body except for what 4 places? | palms of hands, soles of feet, lips, and external genitalia |
| accessory structures: arrector pili | involuntary smooth muscle; causes hair to stand up; causes "goosebumps" |
| accessory structures: sebaceous glands | lubricate hair; control bacteria |
| regions of the hair: root | lower part; attached to integument |
| regions of the hair: shaft | upper part; not attached |
| how hair grows? | papilla contains capillaries and nerves; bulb produces matrix |
| matrix | layer of dividing cells; pushes hair up and out of skin |
| hair growth cycle: growing hair | attached to matrix |
| hair growth cycle: club hair | not growing; attached to inactive follicle |
| new hair growth cycle | follicle becomes active; makes new hair; club hair is shed |
| two types of hair | vellus and terminal |
| vellus hair | soft/fine hair; covers body surface |
| another name for vellus hair? | peach fuzz |
| terminal hair | havily pigmented; head, eyebrows, eyelashes (other parts after puberty: armpits, pubic area, limbs) |
| how is hair color determined? | melanocytes; genes also |
| which type of glands are exocrine glands? | sebaceous glands |
| sebaceous glands are _________ | holocrine (cell explodes on follicle/skin) |
| sebaceous glands secrete what? | sebum |
| what is sebum? | lubricates/protects epidermis; inhibits bacterial growth; contains carbs/lipids/other things |
| what are the two types of sebaceous glands? | simple branched alveolar and sebaceous follicles |
| simple branched alveolar | associated with hair follicles |
| sebaceous follicles | discharge directly onto skin |
| sebaceous follicles are the source of seborrheic dermatitis...what is this? | dandruff |
| what are the two types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands? | apocrine and merocrine |
| apocrine sweat glands | discharge on hair follicles |
| apocrine sweat gland secretions | sticky/cloudy |
| merocrine sweat glands | discharge directly onto skin surface |
| merocrine sweat gland secretions | watery |
| another name for merocrine sweat glands | eccrine glands |
| which type of land produces odor? | apocrine |
| where are apocrine (odor) secretions found? | armpits, nipples, groins |
| what do myoepithelial cells do? | squeeze secretions onto skin surface |
| functions of merocrine sweat | cools skin; excretes water/electrolytes; flushes out microorganisms |
| mammary glands | produce milk |
| ceruminous glands | protects eardrum and produce cerumen (ear wax) |
| control of glands: autonomic nervous system | controls sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands; all over body |
| control of glands: merocrine sweat glands | controlled independently; in local area |
| homeostasis can be reached using this | thermoregulation (sweating) |
| what are nails made of? | dead cells packed with keratin |
| nail production | occurs deep in the epidermal fold near the bone called the nail root |
| structure of the nail: nail body | visible part; covers nail bed |
| structure of the nail: lunula | pale crescent at the base of the nail |
| structure of the nail: sides of the nails | lateral nails (grooves) lateral nail (folds) |
| structure of the nail: skin beneath the free edge of the nail | hyponychium |
| eponychium | cuticle |
| repair of localized injuries to the skin: step 1 | bleeding; mast cells trigger inflammation response |
| repair of localized injuries to the skin: step 2 | scab |
| inflammatory repsonse | macrophanges clean area; fibroblasts and endothelial cells come in and make granulation tissue |
| repair of localized injuries to the skin: step 3 | scar tissue |
| repair of localized injuries to the skin: step 4 | keloid (raises area) forms |
| effects of aging | everything decreases |
Created by:
Lacey1
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