phylum chordata Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
general characteristics of chordates | multicellular,triploblastic,deuterostomes,coelom,complete gut tube,bilateral symmetry |
distinguishing characteristics | notochord,thyroid gland(endostyle).dorsal hollow nerve cord,post anal tail,pharynx with silts. |
notochord | supportive rod, mesoderm,vacuoles,hydrostatic skeleton,patterning includes DHNC |
Dorsal hollow nerve cord(DHNC) | induced to form by notochord signals(sonic hedgehog protein) |
pharynx with slits | filter feeding(primitive),modified later as jaws,gills, aorta |
post anal tail | balance, communication |
enostyle | thyroid- regulating metabolism |
phylum Hemichordata | Acorn worm.pharynx with slits,DHNC(only in collar),stomochord,no post anal tail. |
stomochord | comes out from mouth. different characteristics than notochord |
subphylum cephalochordata | (head chord).Lancelets,amphioxous,branchiostoma.all chordate characteristics in adult.no vertebrae.some cephalization.asymmetry in myomeres. |
subphylum urochordata | tunicates or sea squirts.pharyngeal slits.notochord in tail of larvae,filter feeders,tunic of cellulose.water flow- incurrent siphon,pharynx with slits,artium,excurrent siphon. |
subphylum vertebrata | (craniata)appear about 500 mya.about 50,000 species(half are fish).distinguishing characteristics-cranium, vertebrae |
vertebrate characteristics | true brain,several divisions.well developed eyes,organs of chemical perception.sense organs condenced into head region=faster reaction.extreme cephilization,thyroid,pituitary,solid liver,hepatic portal blood system,gall bladder,large body size |
agnatha vs. gnathostomes | w/o jaw vs. w/jaw |
"fish" vs. tetrapods | fins or limbs |
amniotes vs. anaminotes | extra-embryotic membrane or not |
class agnatha | jawless fish(lamprey,hagfish). first vertebrate group.most primitive body plan. |
subclass myxinoidea | hagfish.no jaw bone or scales.sucking mouth,scavengers, mucous glands |
subclass petromyzontida | lamprey.no jawbone or scales.rasping tongue,many are parasites |
subclass "ostracodermi" | first vertebrates,500 mya.first bone.small filter feeders.no jaw |
class placodermi | about 400 mya.all extinct.armored fish,first jaw.jaw from 1st pharyngeal arch.paired appendages.gas bladder-boyancy |
class chrondrichthyes | sharks,rays,chimaeras.400 mya, no bone in skeleton; cartilage fish.evolutionary dead end |
class osteichthyes | 400 mya.over 25,000 species;most diverse vertebrate.bone in skull,vertrbrae,fins,scales.**bony scales |
subclass actinopterygii | *ray finned fish.*fin muscle inside body wall.teleosti(superorder)make up 95%of all living fish. |
subclass sarcopterygii | *lobe-finned fish.*fin muscles are in the fin.*point of evolution from fish to tetrapods.three major groups:Rhipidistians(extinct),coelacanth, lungfish(Dipnoi). |
Rhipidistians | Sarcopterygian fish gave rise to fist amphibians.Tiktaalik intermediate fish fossil. |
Rhipidistian features | Skull like amphibian,teeth like amphibian,bones of fin similar to tetrapods, choanae-interna nostrils(air breathers) |
Coelacanth | "living Fossil",lobed finned fish,discovered in 1938 by M.Courtenay-Latimer.Latimeria Chalumna.off the coast of Africa |
Lung fish | Dipnoi,three genera.Gondwana Distribution.Burrow and breathe air when transient pools dry up. |
Tetrapods | Terrestrial Vertebrates |
What was wrong with fish? | fussiform=streamlined.Vertebral Column uniform. |
what do terrestrial organisms need? | lungs,skin resistant to abrasion,dessication.sense organs in air.vertebral regions specialized.girdles anchored to skeleton.strong limbs.protected embryos |
who started the terrestrial trends? | amphibians.but they didn't perfect them |
class amphibia(the first) | 350 mya.labrinthodonts(maze tooth).like Rhipidistian fish |
class amphibia characteristics | fleshy,moveable tongue,middle ear bone=columella(homologous to stapes).glands to moisten eye and moveable eyelids.limbs.lungs(can be argued either way) |
lissamphibians | 200 mya.frogs,salamanders,caecilians.moist,glandular skin w/o scales(no keratin,no dermal bone) |
class reptilia | 300 mya.terrestrial,fist amniotic egg,first epidermal scale. |
specialized characteristics of reptiles | kertinized,dessiciation-resistant skin.epidermal scales.claws.solid ribs.extra embryonic membranes to surround young. |
amniotic egg | yolk(used as food),allantois(waste vacuoule),chorion(gas exchange),shell(protection),amnion(cushion). |
parareptilia | carapace,plastron,turtles,tortoises. |
cotylosauria | stem reptile |
eureptilia,Lepidosauromorpha | ichthyosaurs(marine,extinct),pleasiosaurs(matine,extint),snakes,lizards.*all have diapsid skull(2openings) |
eureptilia,Archosauromorpha | bipedal,long neck,strong pelvis.gave rise to- Pterpsaurs(flying reptiles),crocodiles,birds,Dinosaurs(ornothischians,saurischians) |
Thecodonts | stem archosaur."deep socket tooth" |
Dinosaurs and birds | fused clavicles,sternum,scapula long and thin,swivel wrist,loss finger digits,pubis backward,3forward pointing toes |
Class aves | birds.150 mya.feathers from epidermal scales (surface area,yet light weight,insulation for endothermey).flight(in most).1861 Archaeopteryx fossil found both features and teeth.great diversity in modern birds |
subclass Synapsida | "skull with opening"."mammal like reptiles".moderate in size,active carnivore,specialized teeth,skull with 1 temporal fenestra.one small group gave rise to mammals.ex:pelycosaurs,Therapsids |
Class Mammalia | 200 mya.hair,mammary glands,3 middle ear ossicles.one bone in lower jaw. |
subclass prototheria | monotremes,egg layers.ex:duck bill platypus,echidna. |
subclass theria | metatheria and eutheria |
metatheria | marsupials=pouched mammals |
eutheria | placentals=uterus with placenta |
Created by:
ejohnson17
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