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phylum chordata
chapter 2+3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| general characteristics of chordates | multicellular,triploblastic,deuterostomes,coelom,complete gut tube,bilateral symmetry |
| distinguishing characteristics | notochord,thyroid gland(endostyle).dorsal hollow nerve cord,post anal tail,pharynx with silts. |
| notochord | supportive rod, mesoderm,vacuoles,hydrostatic skeleton,patterning includes DHNC |
| Dorsal hollow nerve cord(DHNC) | induced to form by notochord signals(sonic hedgehog protein) |
| pharynx with slits | filter feeding(primitive),modified later as jaws,gills, aorta |
| post anal tail | balance, communication |
| enostyle | thyroid- regulating metabolism |
| phylum Hemichordata | Acorn worm.pharynx with slits,DHNC(only in collar),stomochord,no post anal tail. |
| stomochord | comes out from mouth. different characteristics than notochord |
| subphylum cephalochordata | (head chord).Lancelets,amphioxous,branchiostoma.all chordate characteristics in adult.no vertebrae.some cephalization.asymmetry in myomeres. |
| subphylum urochordata | tunicates or sea squirts.pharyngeal slits.notochord in tail of larvae,filter feeders,tunic of cellulose.water flow- incurrent siphon,pharynx with slits,artium,excurrent siphon. |
| subphylum vertebrata | (craniata)appear about 500 mya.about 50,000 species(half are fish).distinguishing characteristics-cranium, vertebrae |
| vertebrate characteristics | true brain,several divisions.well developed eyes,organs of chemical perception.sense organs condenced into head region=faster reaction.extreme cephilization,thyroid,pituitary,solid liver,hepatic portal blood system,gall bladder,large body size |
| agnatha vs. gnathostomes | w/o jaw vs. w/jaw |
| "fish" vs. tetrapods | fins or limbs |
| amniotes vs. anaminotes | extra-embryotic membrane or not |
| class agnatha | jawless fish(lamprey,hagfish). first vertebrate group.most primitive body plan. |
| subclass myxinoidea | hagfish.no jaw bone or scales.sucking mouth,scavengers, mucous glands |
| subclass petromyzontida | lamprey.no jawbone or scales.rasping tongue,many are parasites |
| subclass "ostracodermi" | first vertebrates,500 mya.first bone.small filter feeders.no jaw |
| class placodermi | about 400 mya.all extinct.armored fish,first jaw.jaw from 1st pharyngeal arch.paired appendages.gas bladder-boyancy |
| class chrondrichthyes | sharks,rays,chimaeras.400 mya, no bone in skeleton; cartilage fish.evolutionary dead end |
| class osteichthyes | 400 mya.over 25,000 species;most diverse vertebrate.bone in skull,vertrbrae,fins,scales.**bony scales |
| subclass actinopterygii | *ray finned fish.*fin muscle inside body wall.teleosti(superorder)make up 95%of all living fish. |
| subclass sarcopterygii | *lobe-finned fish.*fin muscles are in the fin.*point of evolution from fish to tetrapods.three major groups:Rhipidistians(extinct),coelacanth, lungfish(Dipnoi). |
| Rhipidistians | Sarcopterygian fish gave rise to fist amphibians.Tiktaalik intermediate fish fossil. |
| Rhipidistian features | Skull like amphibian,teeth like amphibian,bones of fin similar to tetrapods, choanae-interna nostrils(air breathers) |
| Coelacanth | "living Fossil",lobed finned fish,discovered in 1938 by M.Courtenay-Latimer.Latimeria Chalumna.off the coast of Africa |
| Lung fish | Dipnoi,three genera.Gondwana Distribution.Burrow and breathe air when transient pools dry up. |
| Tetrapods | Terrestrial Vertebrates |
| What was wrong with fish? | fussiform=streamlined.Vertebral Column uniform. |
| what do terrestrial organisms need? | lungs,skin resistant to abrasion,dessication.sense organs in air.vertebral regions specialized.girdles anchored to skeleton.strong limbs.protected embryos |
| who started the terrestrial trends? | amphibians.but they didn't perfect them |
| class amphibia(the first) | 350 mya.labrinthodonts(maze tooth).like Rhipidistian fish |
| class amphibia characteristics | fleshy,moveable tongue,middle ear bone=columella(homologous to stapes).glands to moisten eye and moveable eyelids.limbs.lungs(can be argued either way) |
| lissamphibians | 200 mya.frogs,salamanders,caecilians.moist,glandular skin w/o scales(no keratin,no dermal bone) |
| class reptilia | 300 mya.terrestrial,fist amniotic egg,first epidermal scale. |
| specialized characteristics of reptiles | kertinized,dessiciation-resistant skin.epidermal scales.claws.solid ribs.extra embryonic membranes to surround young. |
| amniotic egg | yolk(used as food),allantois(waste vacuoule),chorion(gas exchange),shell(protection),amnion(cushion). |
| parareptilia | carapace,plastron,turtles,tortoises. |
| cotylosauria | stem reptile |
| eureptilia,Lepidosauromorpha | ichthyosaurs(marine,extinct),pleasiosaurs(matine,extint),snakes,lizards.*all have diapsid skull(2openings) |
| eureptilia,Archosauromorpha | bipedal,long neck,strong pelvis.gave rise to- Pterpsaurs(flying reptiles),crocodiles,birds,Dinosaurs(ornothischians,saurischians) |
| Thecodonts | stem archosaur."deep socket tooth" |
| Dinosaurs and birds | fused clavicles,sternum,scapula long and thin,swivel wrist,loss finger digits,pubis backward,3forward pointing toes |
| Class aves | birds.150 mya.feathers from epidermal scales (surface area,yet light weight,insulation for endothermey).flight(in most).1861 Archaeopteryx fossil found both features and teeth.great diversity in modern birds |
| subclass Synapsida | "skull with opening"."mammal like reptiles".moderate in size,active carnivore,specialized teeth,skull with 1 temporal fenestra.one small group gave rise to mammals.ex:pelycosaurs,Therapsids |
| Class Mammalia | 200 mya.hair,mammary glands,3 middle ear ossicles.one bone in lower jaw. |
| subclass prototheria | monotremes,egg layers.ex:duck bill platypus,echidna. |
| subclass theria | metatheria and eutheria |
| metatheria | marsupials=pouched mammals |
| eutheria | placentals=uterus with placenta |
Created by:
ejohnson17
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