GI A&P Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Breaking down of food into molecules that are sm enough to enter cells | Digestion |
Passage of sm particles of food molecules through the cells lining the stomach & intestines into the lymph | Absorbtion |
medical specialty that deals w/structure, function,DX & Tx of diseases of the stomach & intestines | Gastoenterology |
Continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus | Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) |
Primary GI Tract organs | Mouth,pharynx,esophagus, stomach ,sm intestine & lg intestine |
Accessory GI tract organs | teeth,tongue,salivary glands,liver,gallbladder & pancreas |
How many primary & accessory GI tract organs are there | 6 of each |
what do the primary GI tract organs do that the accessory organs do not | they can touch the contents |
purpose of the accessory GI organs | provide secretions |
steps for the digestive system process | ingestion,secretion,mixing & propulsion digestion,absorption & defecation |
the taking in of food or liquid through the mouth | ingestion |
in order to gain sustenance from your food you must first | absorb it |
4 layers of the GI tract | Mucosa, Submucosa, muscularis & peritoneum |
innermost layer of the GI tract | Mucosa |
Surrounds the digestive tract | Immune system |
connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis | submucosa |
muscle that allows for voluntary control of swallowing & defecation & where are they located | Skeletal muscle: mouth, pharnynx & upper esophagus-- External anal sphincter in the muscularis layer of the GI tract |
outermost layer of the GI tract | peritoneum |
two parts of the peritoneum ? what do they do? | VIseral peritoneum & parietal peritoneum: viseral covers the organs in the abd.cavity & secrets slippery watery fluid allowing the tract to glide easily against other organs -> parietal covers the abd. cavity |
what % of the muscularis is made up of smooth muscle | 95% |
how much is involuntary | 95% |
thick sheet of fatty tissue that drapes over the transverse colon & SM intestine | Greater omentum |
Stops food from going into the nasal cavity | uvula |
the ingual frenulum is located | under the tongue |
functions of the cheeks & tongue | keep the food b/w the teeth |
uvula is located where | soft palette |
upper surfaces and sides of the tongue are covered with | papillae,some of which contains taste buds |
parotid, submandibular & sublingual glands | Salivary glands |
salivary amylase breaks down | carbs ,carbs digest the quickest |
what enzyme kills bacteria in the salivary glands | lysozyme |
where do you find salivary amylase | salivary glands |
after the sm intestine there are nomore | enzymes only bacteria |
there is bacteria instead of enzymes in the | lg intestine |
intestinal glands are found in the | sm intestine not in the lg |
there are no villi or permanent circular folds in the mucosa of the | lg intestine |
S-shape in the colon | Sigmoid colon |
function of the lg intestine | complete the process of absorption, produces vitamins responsible for formation of feces & expels the feces from the body |
parts of the colon | ascending,transverse, descending, sigmoid & ends at the rectum |
structures of the lg intestine in the order in which food travels | cecum, colon, rectal & anal canal |
what digest the majority of ions | Sm intestine |
normal pathway pf amino acids | sm intestine, liver then general circulation |
half of amino acids come from | food & half come from proteins in the digestive juices & dead cells |
amino acids are usually absorbed in the | Jejunum & doudenum |
Active transport is transporting | low to high solute concentration |
90% of absorption takes place | sm intestine |
two types of movement in mechanical digestion | segmentation first movement then perstalsis |
90-120 mins 2nd mechanical digestion | perstalsis |
intestinal juice is a watery,_______fluid w/ph of_________ | yellow;7.6 slightly alkaline |
muscularis layer contains | longitudinal outer layer & circular inner layer |
duodenum is located At | submucosa of the sm intestine |
what structure of the duodenum secrets alkaline mucus | brunners gland |
submucosa in the sm intestine neutralizies ______ in the chyme | gastric acid |
three cells used in absorption? | absorptive,goblet & endocrine cells |
microville appear on the top of absorptive cells & help to | increase absorption |
what is a lacteal | lymphatic capillary |
what cells physically bring food into the body | absorptive cells |
ileum joins the cecum at the | ileocecal sphincter |
duodenum means | 12` |
sm intestine has 3 portions | duodenum,jejunum & ileum |
groove b/w hepatocyles | canaliculi |
how often do we make bile | 24hrs a day |
what do kupffers cells do | destroy worn out blood cells bacteria & other foreign matter |
food must go to the ____ first before it is allowed into general circulation via the _____ | Liver; hepatic portal system |
functions of the liver | carbohydrate & lipid metabolism, protein, processing of drugs and hormones, excretion of bilirubin,storage of vitamins & minerals & activation of vit-D |
the princple bile pigment | bilirubin (green) |
bile salts in the liver are what | emulsifers |
what do we do with bile when we are not digesting? | sphincter closes & bile backs up into the gallbladder where it is held until needed |
what are kupffer cells ? | phagocytes inside sinusoids in the liver |
what does the liver have inside of the capillaries | sinusoids, tiny hollow spaces |
liver cells | hepatocytes |
lobules of the liver consist of specialized epithelial cells | hepatocytes |
lobes of the liver are divided into | lobules |
sits behind the stomach | pancreas |
under the liver anterior side is the | gallbladder |
liver is located mostly on the______ of the body | right side ; has 2 lobes |
cholecystokinin stimulates | pancreatic juices rich in digestive enzymes |
proteins begin to digest in | the stomach |
second largest organ | liver |
enzymes that exist in the pancreatic juices | pancreatic amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase,pancreatic lipase ,ribonuclase &deoxyribonuclase |
only part of the GI tract equipped to handle acid | stomach |
pancreatic juices need to be alkaline bc | it needs to inactivate that highly acidic enzyme pepsin which is coming from the stomach |
lots of sodium bicarbonate, mostly water,some salts & emzymes | pancreatic juice |
pancreatic inslets are they endocrine or exocrine | endocrine they secret glucagon & insulin |
remaining 1% of tissue in the pancreas is organized into clusters called | pancreatic inslets |
the acini secret a mixture of fluid & _____ called __________ | digestive enzymes :pancreatic juice |
99% of pancreatic tissue is exocrine which is the | Acini |
sm clusters of glandular epithelial cells int the pancreas | Acini |
all secretions of the pancreas gets dumped into | duodenum |
pancreatic duct joins another duct called | common bile duct |
accessory organs for digestion | pancreas, gallbladder &liver |
pepsin accounts for | 20 % of protein digestion |
enzymes that digest protein | pepsin |
hormone that decreases gastric secretions in the stomach | secretin |
hormone that stimulates your stomach | gastrin |
what does gastrin do? | increases production of gastric juices |
three chief functions of the digestive system | digestion, absorption & elimination |
continuous passageway beginning at the mouth & terminating at the anus | Digestive tract |
necessary for digestive process but not part of the digestive tract | accessory organs |
large membrane thst lines the abdominoplevic cavity | pertoneum |
a thin moist tissue composed of simple squamous epithelium & areolar connective tissue | serous membrane(serosa) |
main portion, located in abd. cavity & extending into the pelvic cavity | greater peritoneal cavity |
formed by a smaller extension of these membranes dorsal to the stomach & liver to the posterior attachment of the diaphram | lesser peritoneal cavity |
section of the peritoneum that extend from the colon to the posterior abd. wall | mesocolon |
extends from the lower border of the stomach into the pelvic cavity then loops back up to the transverse colon | greater omentum |
sm membrane extends b/w the stomach & liver | lesser omentum |
digestive tract is sometimes called ____meaning food | alimentary tract |
process of chewing | mastication |
saliva lubricates the food & has a digestive enzyme called ________ which begins __________ | salivary amylase; starch digestion |
food moves toward the throat to be swallowed in a process called | deglutition |
children b/w 2-yrs has _____teeth | 20 |
baby teeth ; word meaning falling out at a certain time | decidous |
complete set of adult permanent teeth | 32 |
main substance of a tooth , calcified substances harder then bone | dentin |
teeth are covered w/ the hardest substance in the body | enamel |
rigid connective tissue that helps hold the teeth in place | cementum |
the esophagus travels through an opening in the diaphram called | esophageal hiatus |
expanded J-shaped organ in the superior left region of the abd. cavity | stomach |
layer that aides in grinding food & mixing it w/digestive juices | inner obilque |
left facing arch of the stomach | greater curvature |
right surface of the stomach forms the | lesser curvature |
superior rounded portion under the Left sid of the diaphragm is the stomachs | fundus |
two sphincters that separates the stomach from the organs above & below | lower esophageal sphincter & pyloric sphincter |
b/w the esophagus & stomach | lower esophageal sphincter |
b/w the distal or far end of the stomach & the sm intestine | pyloric sphincter |
functions of the stomach | storage pouch,digestive organ & churn |
when the stomach is empty the lining forms many folds and these fold disappear as the stomach expands | rugae |
a strong acid that unwinds proteins to prepare for digestion & also destroys foreign organisms | hydrocholric acid (HCI) |
protein digesting enzyme produces in an inactive form called pepsinogen which is activated when in contact w/HCI | pepsin |
highly acidic, semi-liquid mixture of gastric juices & food that leaves the stomach to enter the sm intestine | Chyme |
longest part of the digestive tract after death approx. 20 ft long in life approx. 10 ft long | sm intestine |
begins in the lower right region of the abd. | lg intestine |
outer longitudinal muscle fibers in the lg intestinal wall forms 3 separate surface bands that draw up the organs wall to give it it's distinctive puckered appearance | tenia coli |
subdivision of the lg intestine the first part of the sm pouch | cecum |
b/w the cecum & the ileum of the sm intestine prevents food from traveling backwards into the sm intestine | ileucecal valve |
attached to the cecum in the sm blind tubing containing lymphoid tissue | vermiform appendix (appendix) |
second portion extends superiorly along the right side of the abd. toward the liver | ascending colon |
bends near the liver at the right colic hepatic flexure & extends across the abd. | transveres colon |
bends again sharply at the left colic hepatic flexure & extends inferiorly on the left side of the abd. into the pelvis | descending colon |
temporary storage area for indigestible or nonabsorbent food residue | rectum |
narrow terminal portion of the lg intestine which leads to the outside of the body--- which leads to an opening called | anal canal -- anus |
deliver their secretions into the mouth | salivary glands |
release secretions into the duodenum | liver,pancreas & gallbladder |
saliva is manufacture in three pairs of glands | parotid, submandibular & sublingual glands |
largest of the glands located inferior & anterior to the ear | parotid gland |
gland locacted near the body of the lower jaw | submandibular |
glands are under the tongue | sublingual |
why do you feel the effects of alcohol & aspirin so quickly? | they can permeate your stomach & do not have to go through the sm intstine |
the epithelial cells in the stomach are almost impermeable, what can get through | water,ions , aspirin & alcohol |
prescence of food in the stomach does what to the PH | increases it |
what is different in the muscularis layer of the stomach | the third layer when the others only have a viseral & parietal layers |
what is the function of HCI | kills microbes in food ,converts pepsiongen into pepsin , maintains PH in the stomach around 2-3 ( keeps it acidic to kill microbes) helps absorb vit-B12 bc of the instrinsic factor |
J - shape curve in the stomach | pylorus |
where the diaphragm pushes & pulls w/inspiration & mixes food w/HCI | mixing chamber |
the way we propel food through a tube | peristalisis |
where the esophagus joins the stomach | cardia |
structure of the stomach | cardia , fundus,body & pylorus |
what forces food into the sm intestines | holding resirvoir |
connects the esophagus w/duodenum | stomach |
what secretes mucosa to aid in swallowing | esophagus |
stage of swallowing when the bolus is forced to the back of the mouth & into the oropharynx | voluntary |
stage of swallowing when breathing is interrupted & the uvula ,epiglottis seals off the respiratory system | pharyngeal |
stage of swallowing when peristalic contraction begins to the move the bolus down towards the stomach | esophageal |
three stages in swallowing | voluntary, pharyngeal & esophageal |
what begins chemical digestion | salivary amylase |
result of mastication | bolus |
mechanical digestion in the mouth that results from chewing | mastication |
which system controls salivation | PNS |
The PH of the sm intestine | 7-6 |
The PH of the stomach | 2 |
The PH of the mouth | 6-7 |
Created by:
carolyne33
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