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GI A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Breaking down of food into molecules that are sm enough to enter cells | Digestion |
| Passage of sm particles of food molecules through the cells lining the stomach & intestines into the lymph | Absorbtion |
| medical specialty that deals w/structure, function,DX & Tx of diseases of the stomach & intestines | Gastoenterology |
| Continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus | Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) |
| Primary GI Tract organs | Mouth,pharynx,esophagus, stomach ,sm intestine & lg intestine |
| Accessory GI tract organs | teeth,tongue,salivary glands,liver,gallbladder & pancreas |
| How many primary & accessory GI tract organs are there | 6 of each |
| what do the primary GI tract organs do that the accessory organs do not | they can touch the contents |
| purpose of the accessory GI organs | provide secretions |
| steps for the digestive system process | ingestion,secretion,mixing & propulsion digestion,absorption & defecation |
| the taking in of food or liquid through the mouth | ingestion |
| in order to gain sustenance from your food you must first | absorb it |
| 4 layers of the GI tract | Mucosa, Submucosa, muscularis & peritoneum |
| innermost layer of the GI tract | Mucosa |
| Surrounds the digestive tract | Immune system |
| connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis | submucosa |
| muscle that allows for voluntary control of swallowing & defecation & where are they located | Skeletal muscle: mouth, pharnynx & upper esophagus-- External anal sphincter in the muscularis layer of the GI tract |
| outermost layer of the GI tract | peritoneum |
| two parts of the peritoneum ? what do they do? | VIseral peritoneum & parietal peritoneum: viseral covers the organs in the abd.cavity & secrets slippery watery fluid allowing the tract to glide easily against other organs -> parietal covers the abd. cavity |
| what % of the muscularis is made up of smooth muscle | 95% |
| how much is involuntary | 95% |
| thick sheet of fatty tissue that drapes over the transverse colon & SM intestine | Greater omentum |
| Stops food from going into the nasal cavity | uvula |
| the ingual frenulum is located | under the tongue |
| functions of the cheeks & tongue | keep the food b/w the teeth |
| uvula is located where | soft palette |
| upper surfaces and sides of the tongue are covered with | papillae,some of which contains taste buds |
| parotid, submandibular & sublingual glands | Salivary glands |
| salivary amylase breaks down | carbs ,carbs digest the quickest |
| what enzyme kills bacteria in the salivary glands | lysozyme |
| where do you find salivary amylase | salivary glands |
| after the sm intestine there are nomore | enzymes only bacteria |
| there is bacteria instead of enzymes in the | lg intestine |
| intestinal glands are found in the | sm intestine not in the lg |
| there are no villi or permanent circular folds in the mucosa of the | lg intestine |
| S-shape in the colon | Sigmoid colon |
| function of the lg intestine | complete the process of absorption, produces vitamins responsible for formation of feces & expels the feces from the body |
| parts of the colon | ascending,transverse, descending, sigmoid & ends at the rectum |
| structures of the lg intestine in the order in which food travels | cecum, colon, rectal & anal canal |
| what digest the majority of ions | Sm intestine |
| normal pathway pf amino acids | sm intestine, liver then general circulation |
| half of amino acids come from | food & half come from proteins in the digestive juices & dead cells |
| amino acids are usually absorbed in the | Jejunum & doudenum |
| Active transport is transporting | low to high solute concentration |
| 90% of absorption takes place | sm intestine |
| two types of movement in mechanical digestion | segmentation first movement then perstalsis |
| 90-120 mins 2nd mechanical digestion | perstalsis |
| intestinal juice is a watery,_______fluid w/ph of_________ | yellow;7.6 slightly alkaline |
| muscularis layer contains | longitudinal outer layer & circular inner layer |
| duodenum is located At | submucosa of the sm intestine |
| what structure of the duodenum secrets alkaline mucus | brunners gland |
| submucosa in the sm intestine neutralizies ______ in the chyme | gastric acid |
| three cells used in absorption? | absorptive,goblet & endocrine cells |
| microville appear on the top of absorptive cells & help to | increase absorption |
| what is a lacteal | lymphatic capillary |
| what cells physically bring food into the body | absorptive cells |
| ileum joins the cecum at the | ileocecal sphincter |
| duodenum means | 12` |
| sm intestine has 3 portions | duodenum,jejunum & ileum |
| groove b/w hepatocyles | canaliculi |
| how often do we make bile | 24hrs a day |
| what do kupffers cells do | destroy worn out blood cells bacteria & other foreign matter |
| food must go to the ____ first before it is allowed into general circulation via the _____ | Liver; hepatic portal system |
| functions of the liver | carbohydrate & lipid metabolism, protein, processing of drugs and hormones, excretion of bilirubin,storage of vitamins & minerals & activation of vit-D |
| the princple bile pigment | bilirubin (green) |
| bile salts in the liver are what | emulsifers |
| what do we do with bile when we are not digesting? | sphincter closes & bile backs up into the gallbladder where it is held until needed |
| what are kupffer cells ? | phagocytes inside sinusoids in the liver |
| what does the liver have inside of the capillaries | sinusoids, tiny hollow spaces |
| liver cells | hepatocytes |
| lobules of the liver consist of specialized epithelial cells | hepatocytes |
| lobes of the liver are divided into | lobules |
| sits behind the stomach | pancreas |
| under the liver anterior side is the | gallbladder |
| liver is located mostly on the______ of the body | right side ; has 2 lobes |
| cholecystokinin stimulates | pancreatic juices rich in digestive enzymes |
| proteins begin to digest in | the stomach |
| second largest organ | liver |
| enzymes that exist in the pancreatic juices | pancreatic amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase,pancreatic lipase ,ribonuclase &deoxyribonuclase |
| only part of the GI tract equipped to handle acid | stomach |
| pancreatic juices need to be alkaline bc | it needs to inactivate that highly acidic enzyme pepsin which is coming from the stomach |
| lots of sodium bicarbonate, mostly water,some salts & emzymes | pancreatic juice |
| pancreatic inslets are they endocrine or exocrine | endocrine they secret glucagon & insulin |
| remaining 1% of tissue in the pancreas is organized into clusters called | pancreatic inslets |
| the acini secret a mixture of fluid & _____ called __________ | digestive enzymes :pancreatic juice |
| 99% of pancreatic tissue is exocrine which is the | Acini |
| sm clusters of glandular epithelial cells int the pancreas | Acini |
| all secretions of the pancreas gets dumped into | duodenum |
| pancreatic duct joins another duct called | common bile duct |
| accessory organs for digestion | pancreas, gallbladder &liver |
| pepsin accounts for | 20 % of protein digestion |
| enzymes that digest protein | pepsin |
| hormone that decreases gastric secretions in the stomach | secretin |
| hormone that stimulates your stomach | gastrin |
| what does gastrin do? | increases production of gastric juices |
| three chief functions of the digestive system | digestion, absorption & elimination |
| continuous passageway beginning at the mouth & terminating at the anus | Digestive tract |
| necessary for digestive process but not part of the digestive tract | accessory organs |
| large membrane thst lines the abdominoplevic cavity | pertoneum |
| a thin moist tissue composed of simple squamous epithelium & areolar connective tissue | serous membrane(serosa) |
| main portion, located in abd. cavity & extending into the pelvic cavity | greater peritoneal cavity |
| formed by a smaller extension of these membranes dorsal to the stomach & liver to the posterior attachment of the diaphram | lesser peritoneal cavity |
| section of the peritoneum that extend from the colon to the posterior abd. wall | mesocolon |
| extends from the lower border of the stomach into the pelvic cavity then loops back up to the transverse colon | greater omentum |
| sm membrane extends b/w the stomach & liver | lesser omentum |
| digestive tract is sometimes called ____meaning food | alimentary tract |
| process of chewing | mastication |
| saliva lubricates the food & has a digestive enzyme called ________ which begins __________ | salivary amylase; starch digestion |
| food moves toward the throat to be swallowed in a process called | deglutition |
| children b/w 2-yrs has _____teeth | 20 |
| baby teeth ; word meaning falling out at a certain time | decidous |
| complete set of adult permanent teeth | 32 |
| main substance of a tooth , calcified substances harder then bone | dentin |
| teeth are covered w/ the hardest substance in the body | enamel |
| rigid connective tissue that helps hold the teeth in place | cementum |
| the esophagus travels through an opening in the diaphram called | esophageal hiatus |
| expanded J-shaped organ in the superior left region of the abd. cavity | stomach |
| layer that aides in grinding food & mixing it w/digestive juices | inner obilque |
| left facing arch of the stomach | greater curvature |
| right surface of the stomach forms the | lesser curvature |
| superior rounded portion under the Left sid of the diaphragm is the stomachs | fundus |
| two sphincters that separates the stomach from the organs above & below | lower esophageal sphincter & pyloric sphincter |
| b/w the esophagus & stomach | lower esophageal sphincter |
| b/w the distal or far end of the stomach & the sm intestine | pyloric sphincter |
| functions of the stomach | storage pouch,digestive organ & churn |
| when the stomach is empty the lining forms many folds and these fold disappear as the stomach expands | rugae |
| a strong acid that unwinds proteins to prepare for digestion & also destroys foreign organisms | hydrocholric acid (HCI) |
| protein digesting enzyme produces in an inactive form called pepsinogen which is activated when in contact w/HCI | pepsin |
| highly acidic, semi-liquid mixture of gastric juices & food that leaves the stomach to enter the sm intestine | Chyme |
| longest part of the digestive tract after death approx. 20 ft long in life approx. 10 ft long | sm intestine |
| begins in the lower right region of the abd. | lg intestine |
| outer longitudinal muscle fibers in the lg intestinal wall forms 3 separate surface bands that draw up the organs wall to give it it's distinctive puckered appearance | tenia coli |
| subdivision of the lg intestine the first part of the sm pouch | cecum |
| b/w the cecum & the ileum of the sm intestine prevents food from traveling backwards into the sm intestine | ileucecal valve |
| attached to the cecum in the sm blind tubing containing lymphoid tissue | vermiform appendix (appendix) |
| second portion extends superiorly along the right side of the abd. toward the liver | ascending colon |
| bends near the liver at the right colic hepatic flexure & extends across the abd. | transveres colon |
| bends again sharply at the left colic hepatic flexure & extends inferiorly on the left side of the abd. into the pelvis | descending colon |
| temporary storage area for indigestible or nonabsorbent food residue | rectum |
| narrow terminal portion of the lg intestine which leads to the outside of the body--- which leads to an opening called | anal canal -- anus |
| deliver their secretions into the mouth | salivary glands |
| release secretions into the duodenum | liver,pancreas & gallbladder |
| saliva is manufacture in three pairs of glands | parotid, submandibular & sublingual glands |
| largest of the glands located inferior & anterior to the ear | parotid gland |
| gland locacted near the body of the lower jaw | submandibular |
| glands are under the tongue | sublingual |
| why do you feel the effects of alcohol & aspirin so quickly? | they can permeate your stomach & do not have to go through the sm intstine |
| the epithelial cells in the stomach are almost impermeable, what can get through | water,ions , aspirin & alcohol |
| prescence of food in the stomach does what to the PH | increases it |
| what is different in the muscularis layer of the stomach | the third layer when the others only have a viseral & parietal layers |
| what is the function of HCI | kills microbes in food ,converts pepsiongen into pepsin , maintains PH in the stomach around 2-3 ( keeps it acidic to kill microbes) helps absorb vit-B12 bc of the instrinsic factor |
| J - shape curve in the stomach | pylorus |
| where the diaphragm pushes & pulls w/inspiration & mixes food w/HCI | mixing chamber |
| the way we propel food through a tube | peristalisis |
| where the esophagus joins the stomach | cardia |
| structure of the stomach | cardia , fundus,body & pylorus |
| what forces food into the sm intestines | holding resirvoir |
| connects the esophagus w/duodenum | stomach |
| what secretes mucosa to aid in swallowing | esophagus |
| stage of swallowing when the bolus is forced to the back of the mouth & into the oropharynx | voluntary |
| stage of swallowing when breathing is interrupted & the uvula ,epiglottis seals off the respiratory system | pharyngeal |
| stage of swallowing when peristalic contraction begins to the move the bolus down towards the stomach | esophageal |
| three stages in swallowing | voluntary, pharyngeal & esophageal |
| what begins chemical digestion | salivary amylase |
| result of mastication | bolus |
| mechanical digestion in the mouth that results from chewing | mastication |
| which system controls salivation | PNS |
| The PH of the sm intestine | 7-6 |
| The PH of the stomach | 2 |
| The PH of the mouth | 6-7 |
Created by:
carolyne33
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