FNS 3: H+H Word Scramble
|
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
| Question | Answer |
| In the classic view of HT & energy balance, the LH was thought to be the (what?) center | feeding center |
| In the classic view of HT & energy balance, stimulation of the LH was thought to do what? | elicit feeding |
| In the classic view of HT & energy balance, lesions of the LH were thought to do what? | reduce feeding |
| In the classic view of HT & energy balance, the VMH was thought to be the (what?) center | satiety center |
| In the classic view of HT & energy balance, stimulation of the VMH was thought to do what? | reduce feeding |
| In the classic view of HT & energy balance, lesions of the VMH were thought to do what? | increase feeding |
| In certain case studies (Reeves & Plum 1969), what were the effects described to accompany VMH lesions? | hyperphagia, rage, and dementia |
| How is the revised/current view of the HT & energy balance different than the classic view? | the current view is that both the LH and VMH play roles in feeding/metabolism- more important long term for body weight regulation than feeding |
| What is the new (named) hypothesis of HT & energy balance? | Set Point Hypothesis- the HT encodes a set point for body weight and defends against deviations by regulating food intake and/or caloric expenditure |
| What are 3 examples of peripheral hormones that regulate feeding? Where are they secreted from? | ghrelin (from gut), insulin (from pancreas), and leptin (from adipose) |
| When is ghrelin secreted? | to initiate feeding |
| When is insulin secreted? | to terminate feeding |
| When/why is leptin secreted? | for long-term energy balance |
| What does orexigenic mean? | promotes food intake |
| Which neuropeptide systems do leptin activate? Inhibit? | Activates anorexigenic neuropeptide systems and inhibits orexigenic neuropeptide systems |
| In the fat mice example, which neuropeptide was deficient/dysfunctional? | leptin |
| What was the population of O’Rahilly’s pediatric study? What were the results? | obese, leptin-deficient kids that responded well to leptin therapy |
| Does dry mouth play a large or small role in the physiological basis of thirst? | small |
| What are the two factors that must be balanced in fluid homeostasis? | fluid intake and “sodium appetite” |
| What was one fluid injection technique that stimulated drinking in animals? | hypertonic saline was injected into the rostral HT |
| Where are baroreceptors that facilitate autonomic responses for fluid homeostasis? | aortic arch, venous return, and lungs |
| Which structure of the HT is known as the hypothalamic ‘sensor’? What is it sensitive to? | OVLT (organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis)- osmosensitive |
| Which structure of the HT is known as the hypothalamic ‘effector’? Where does it ‘effect’? | supraoptic nucleus (SON)- magnocellular vasopressin and oxytocin neurons project to posterior pituitary |
| What do OVLT neurons regulate? | activity of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |
| What is another name for vasopressin (VP)? | ADH |
| What is diuresis? | urine production |
| What is natriuresis? | sodium excretion |
| What do VP and oxytocin do? | modulate diuresis and natriuresis |
| What is VP’s effect on antidiuresis (anti-urine production)? | decreases urine production |
| What is oxytocin’s effect on natriuresis (Na excretion)? | increases it |
| In a hypotonic state, what are the effects on thirst, vasopressin, oxytocin, and salt appetite? | decrease thirst, VP, OT; increase salt intake |
| In a hypertonic state, what are the effects on thirst, vasopressin, oxytocin, and salt appetite? | increase thirst, VP, OT; decrease salt intake |
| What are the major target organs for the release of ADH in fluid homeostasis? | kidneys (water resorption), vessels (vasoconstriction/dilation for BP) and thirst (behavioral respsonse) |
| Precise detection of small changes in body temperature and ability to enact appropriate regulatory mechanisms to deal with challenges is a function of which structure? | the hypothalamus |
| Which area contains the temperature reduction center? | anterior hypothalamus |
| At what point do changes in blood temperature activate thermosensitive neurons to activate behavioral cooling systems? (how big of a change in temperature) | less than 1 degree |
| Which area contains the heat conservation center? | posterior hypothalamus |
| Name the type of molecules that increase the body temperature “set-point” to induce a fever (and other sick behaviors like sleep, less appetite)? | pro-inflammatory cytokines (eg interleukins) |
| Where do cytokines access the brain? What type of organ is it? | the OVLT (organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis)- it’s a circumventricular organ |
| Once cytokines access the brain (OVLT), what molecules are sent to the hypothalamus? How are they catalyzed? | prostoglandins (PGE-2) are catalyzed by cyclooxygenase |
| Once prostoglandins are formed, how is the temperature set point centrally regulated? | PGE-2 acts on the anterior hypothalamus/preoptic area to increase the temperature set point |
| Which part of the hypothalamus is important for stress responses? | anterior pituitary |
| What is the prototypical stress hormone? Where is it secreted from and what structure regulates its secretion? | cortisol release from the adrenal glands is regulated by the hypothalamus |
| What is the system that mediates stress interactions between brain and periphery? | HPA axis (hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis) |
| What structure can stimulate the HPA axis? | amygdala |
| What type of receptors are common in the hippocampus? | glucocorticoid receptors |
| How does cortisol affect hippocampus function (memory formation) acutely? Chronically? | facilitates acutely, “deleterious” chronically |
| What did Rush (1996) find about cortisol? | they found non-suppression of cortisol in 27% of major depression subjects and 43% in bipolar individuals |
| What are some signs/symptoms of hypothalamus damage? | thermal dysregulation, eating/metabolic changes, sleep disturbances- they depend on the location/extent of damage |
| What is the condition of widespread damage of the hypothalamus called? | hypothalamic syndrome |
| Name 4 common causes of HT damage | 1)infections along cranial cavity floor, 2) fractures of skull base, 3) Thiamine (B1) deficiency, 4) Pituitary tumors |
| What is Korsakoff’s disease associated with? | alcoholism, memory disturbances (confabulations)- HT degeneration |
| What are pituitary tumors often associated with? | visual disturbances (tunnel vision- bitemporal hemianopsia) and endocrine abnormalities |
| What is the cause of Cushing’s syndrome? | pituitary tumor cells secrete high levels of ACTH |
| What are some symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome? | abdominal obesity, diabetes, HBP, muscle weakness, fatigue, mood swings, decreased libido, menstrual disturbances in women, osteoporosis, ankle edema, excessive thirst, compromised immunity |
Created by:
mbyess
Popular Neuroscience sets