Chapter 9,10,11 Word Scramble
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Term | Definition |
Columns | organization of white matter in the spinal cord |
Arachnoid Villi | absorb cerebrospinal fluid |
Cauda Equina | extension of nerves beyond the end of the spinal cord |
Gyri | folds of the cerebral cortex |
Posterior (dorsal) root | contains the sensory axons of a spinal nerve |
Anterior (ventral) root | contains the motor axons of a spinal nerve |
Longitudinal fissure | seperates the cerebrum into right and left halfs |
Anterior median fissure | divides spinal cord into right and left sides |
Ventricles | brain cavities where CSF circulates |
Sulci | shallow grooves in the cerebrum |
Central canal | contains CSF in the spinal cord |
Nerve | the portion of a neuron containing the nucleus |
Synaptic End Bulb | rounded structure at the distal end of an axon terminal |
Dendrite | highly branched, input part of a neuron |
Synaptic Vesicle | sac in which neurotransmitter is stored |
Interneuron | neuron located entirely within the CNS |
Axon | long, cylindrical process that conducts impulses toward another neuron |
Schwann Cells | produces myelin sheath in PNS |
Node of Ranvier | unmyelinated gap in the myelin sheath |
Myelin Sheath | substance that increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction |
Sensory Neuron | neuron that conveys information from a receptor to the CNS |
Motor Neuron | neuron that conveys information from the CNS to an effector |
Nerve | bundle of many axons in the PNS |
Tract | bundle of many axons in the CNS |
Ganglion | group of cell bodies in the PNS |
Nucleus | group of cell bodies in the CNS |
Neurotransmitter | substance used for communication at chemical synapses |
Postganglionic neuron | cell body located in ganglion; unmyelinated axon extends to effector |
Preganglionic Neuron | cell body lies inside the CNS; myelinated axon extends to ganglion |
Prevertebral ganglia | their postganglionic axons innervate organs below the diaphragm |
Sympathetic Trunk | their postganglionic axons supply organs above the diaphragm |
Terminal ganglia | contain the cell bodies and dendrites of parasymapthetic postganglionic neurons |
GABA | Inhibitory amino acids in the CNS |
Nitric Oxide | A gaseous neurotransmitter that is not packaged into synaptic vesicles |
Glutamate | excitatory amino acid in the CNS |
Endorphines | body’s natural painkillers |
Serotonin | helps regulate mood and sleep |
Acetylcholine | neurotransmitter that activates skeletal muscle fibers |
Brain | neurons enclosed within skull |
spinal cord | connects to brain and enclosed within spinal cavity |
nerves | bundles of many axons of neurons |
ganglia | groups of neuron cell bodies located outside of brain and spinal cord |
enteric plexuses | networks in digestive tract |
sensory receptors | monitor changes in internal or external enviornments |
sensory receptors and sensory nerves | carry info into brain and spinal cord |
integration | info processing; analyzing and storing info to help lead appropriate responses |
perception | awareness of sensory input |
motor activity | efferent nerves; signals to muscles and glands (effectors) |
Central Nervous System (CNS) | brain and spinal cord |
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | all nervous system structures outside of the CNS |
Neurons | can respond to stimuli and convert stimuli to electrical signals (nerve impulses) that travel along neurons |
neuroglia cells | support, nourish, and protect neurons |
Neuroglia is critical for | homeostasis of interstitial fluid around neurons |
cell body | nucleus, cytoplasm with typical organelles |
dendrites | highly branched structures that carry impulses to the cell body |
axon | conducts away from cell body toward another neuron, muscle or glans (emerges at cone-shaped axon hillock) |
Axon terminals | contain synaptic vesicles that can release neurotransmitters |
multipolar | have several or many dendrites and one axon; most common type in brain and spinal cord |
bipolar | have 1 dendrite and 1 axon; example in retina or eye and inner ear |
unipolar | have fused dendrite and axon; sensory neurons of spinal nerves |
sensory(afferent) | convey impulses into brain or spinal cord |
motor (efferent) | convey impulses from brain or spinal cord out through the peripheral nervous system to effectors (muscles or glands) |
Interneurons (association neurons) | most are within the central nervous system; transmit impulses between neurons, such as between sensory and motor neurons |
Neuroglia | cells smaller but much more numerous than neurons; can multiply and divide and fill in brain areas |
Gilomas | brain tumors derive from neuroglia |
Neuroglia functions | don't conduct nerve impluses, do support, nourish, and protect neurons |
Astrocytes | help form blood brain barrier |
oligodendrocytes | produce myelin in CNS |
microglia | protect CNS cells from diesease |
ependymal cells | line ventricles of brain; form cerebrospinal fluid an circulate |
schwann | produce myelin around PNS neurons; help to regenerate PNS axons |
satellite cells | support neurons in PNA ganglia |
Myelination | axons covered with a myelin sheath; many layers of lipid and protein: insulates neurons; increases speed of nerve conduction; appears white (in white matter) |
Nodes of Ranvier | gaps in the myelin; are important for rapid signal conduction |
Diseases that destroy myelin | multiple sclerosis, Tay-Sachs |
white matter | primarily myelinated axons |
gray matter | cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, neuroglia |
Location of gray matter | brain |
Location of white matter | spinal cord |
Regeneration of PNS neurons | axons and dendrites in the PNS can be repaired if cell body is intact and schwann cells functional. these form a regeneration tube and grows axons or dendrites if scar tissue does not fill the tube |
regeneration of CNS neurons | very limited even if cell body is intact; inhibited by neuroglia and by lack of fetal growth stimulators |
CNS structures | brain, spinal cord |
PNS structures | cranial nerves and branches, spinal nerves and branches, ganglia, sensory receptors |
Somatic (SNS) | sensory neurons from head, body wall, limbs, special sense organs; motor neurons to skeletal muscle:voluntary |
Autonomic (ANS) | sensory neurons from viscera; motor neurons to viscera (cardiac muscles, smooth muscle, glands): involuntary |
sympathetic | fight or flight |
parasympathetic | rest and digest |
Enteric (ENS) | brain of the gut; sensory neurons monitor chemical changes ans stretching of GI wall, motor neurons regulate contractions, secretions and endocrine secretions (involuntary) |
Action potentials | nerve impulses |
Action potential requires | a membrane potential, ion channels |
Membrane potential | a charge difference across cell membrane (polarization) |
Ion channels | allow ions to move by diffusion from high to low concentration |
leakage channels | allow ions to leak through membrane there are more K+ than for Na+ |
gated channels | open and close on command, respond to changes in membrane so can generate and conduct action potentials |
Resting membrane potential | typically -70mV; inside of membrane more negative than outside; caused by presence of ions |
Resting membrane potential Inside | (more negative because cytosol has)-many ions (too large to leak out) : amino acids (in cellular proteins) and phosphates (as in ATP); K+ that easily leaks out through many K+ channels |
Resting membrane potential outside | more positive because interstitial fluid has; few negative ions, Na+ that does not leak out of cell: few Na+ channels, membrane "pumps" that quickly pump out Na+ that does leak (diffuse) into cell |
Action potential | series of events that activate cell membrane in neurons or muscle fiber |
Action potential initial event (stimulus) is required | triggers resting membrane to become more permeable to Na+, causes enough Na+ to enter cell so that cell membrane reaches threshold, if so the following events occur: action potential which spreads along neuron or muscle fiber |
depolarizing phase | na+ channels open -> as more Na+ enters cell, membrane potential rises and becomes positive (-70->0->+30MV) |
repolarizing phase | K+ channels open -> as more K+ leave cell, membrane potential is returned to resting value (+30->0->-70mv) |
usually depolarization and repolarization take how long? | 1 millisecond |
Action potential recovery | levels of ions back to normal by action of Na+/K+ pump; refractory period (brief) even with adequate stimulus, cell cannot be activated |
all or none principal | if a stimulus is strong enough to cause depolarization to threshold level, the impulse will travel the entire length of the neuron at a constant and maximum strength |
nerve impulse conduction (propagation) | each section triggers the next locally as even more Na_ channels are opened (like row of dominos_) |
continuous conduction | in unmyelinated fibers; slower form of conduction |
saltatory conduction | in myelinated fibers; faster as impulses "leap" between nodes of ranvier |
factors that increase rate of conduction | myelin, large diameter and warm nerve fibers |
neurotransmitters | acetylcholine:common in PNS; amino acids; modified amino acids; neuropeptides such as endorphins; nitric oxide |
endocrine system hormone | is a molecule released in one part of the body but regulates activity of cells in other parts; has a slower response than nervous system but effects last longer and are broader in influence |
endocrine | ductless, diffuse into blood |
hormones | long distance chemical signals that travel in the blood or lymph |
endocrine glands include | pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pinael glands |
not exclusively endocrine | hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestine, skin, heart, adipose tissue, and placenta |
hormone activity | hormones affect only specific target tissues with specific receptors |
hormones in the blood | controlled by a feedback system; hormones are synthesized and released in response to stimuli |
Hypothalamus is a | major link between nervous and endocrine system |
pituitary attached to hypothalamus | anterior, and posterior |
anterior pituitary | releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus control the release of hormones |
anterior pituitary hormones that act on other endocrine systems is called | tropic hormones |
Human growth hormone (hGH) or somatostatin | promote growth |
hypersycretion in children and adults | children- gigantism acults- acromegaly |
Hyposecretion in children | pituitary dwarfism |
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin | stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid |
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) | FSH stimulates gamete (egg or sperm) production |
Luteinzing hormone (LH) | stimulates ovulation, promotes production of gonadal hormones |
prolactin (PRL) | promotes milk secretion by mammary glands; suckling stimulates releasing hormone release and promotes continued production |
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or corticotropin | stimulates glucocorticoid secretion by adrenal cortex |
posterior pituitary | does not synthesize hormones; stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus |
oxytocin (OT) | stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth, triggers milk ejection in women producing milk, role in sexual arousal and orgasm in males and females |
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin | decrease urine production by casing the kidneys to return more water to the blood; decreases water lost through sweating; constricts arterioles which increases blood pressure (vasopressin), alcohol inhibits ADH release and causes copious urine output |
ADH deficiency | diabetes insipidus; huge output of urine and intense thirst |
thyroid gland | located inferior to larnyx; two lateral lobes connected by isthmus |
thyroid hormones | throxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin |
calcitonin | lowers blood calcium lwevels by stimulating calcium uptake and incorporation into bone matrix; inhibits osteoclast activity; antahonist to parathyroid hormone; removal of thyroid does not affect calcium homeostasis |
Imbalance of TH Hyposecretion in adults | hypothroidism |
endemic goiter | due to lack of iodine |
imbalance of TH hyposecretion in infants | cretinism (stunted physical and mental growth) |
imbalances of TH hypersecretion | grave's diesease |
parathyroid gland | 4-8 small glands embedded in the posterior of the thyroid |
secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) | PTH is most important hormone in calcium homeostasis, stimulates osteoclasts to digest bone matrix; enhances reabsorption of calcium and secretion of phosphate by kidneys; promotes formation of the hormone calcitroil, the active form of Vitamin D |
imbalances of PTH Hperparathyroidism | bone soften and deform |
imbalances of PTH hypoparathyroidism | tetany- involuntary muscle contraction; respiratory paraylsis; death |
adrenal glands | paired, pyramid shaped organs atop of kidneys |
2 regions of adrenal glands | medulla, cortex |
adrenal medulla | part of sympathetic nervous system |
epinephrine and nonrepinephrine | blood glucose levels rise, blood vessels constrict, heart beats faster, blood diverted to the brain heart and skeletal muscle |
pancreatic islets | also called islets of langerhans; both exocrine and endocrine gland; triangular gland behind the stomach |
Alpha | secrete glucagon |
gylcogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
gluconeogensis | synthesis of glucose |
beta | secret insulin; inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis |
neuronal development | learning and memory |
delta | secret somatostatin; inhibit both insulin and glucagon |
F cells | secrete pancreatic polypeptide; inhibits somatostatin, gall bladder contraction ,and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes |
Signs of diabetes mellitus | polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia |
polyuria | huge urine output |
polydipsia | excessive thirst |
polyphagia | excessive hunger and food consumption |
hyperinsulinism | excessive insulin secretion, results in hypoglycemia- disorentation, unconsciousness |
pineal gland | small gland in the brain; secrete melatonin, derived from serotonin |
melatonin may affect | timing of sexual maturation and puberty; day/night cycles (more released during darkness than light), physilogical process that show rhythmic variations |
gonads produce | sex hormones |
inhibin | inhibits FSH |
relaxin | produced during pregnancy |
estrogen and progesterone | maturation of female reprodictive organs; sexual characteristics; breast development and cyclic changes in uterine lining |
placenta secretes | estrogen, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin |
testes | produce testosterone |
gastronintestinal tract enteroendocrine cells | secretion stimulates liver and pancreas, gastrin stimulates release of Hydrochloric acis |
thymus | located behind sternum and between the lungs |
thymus produces | thymosin, thymic humoral factor (THF), thymic factor (TF), and thymopoietin |
kidneys | production of red blood cells |
skin | precursor of vitamin D |
adipose tissue | leptin- appetite control , stimulates increased energy expenditure |
spinal cord | located within the vertebral canal of the vertebral column; ranges from 42-45 cm in length, extends from brain to 3/4 down back |
meninges | are three layers of connective tissue coverings that extend around the spinal cord and brain |
Spinal cord parts | horns-gray tracts- white |
white matter of spinal cord | consists of tracts that serve as highways for nerve impulse conduction |
gray matter of spinal cord | recieves integrates incoming and outgoing information and is a site for integration of reflexes |
reflex arc | the pathway followed by nerve imoulses |
soinal nerves | named for the region from which they arise; 31 total pairs |
regions of the brain | cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum |
fissures | deep grooves divide the cerebrum into lobes |
surface lobes of the cerebrum | frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe |
somatic sensory area | receives impulses from the body's sensory receptors |
primary motor area | sends impulses to skeletal muscles |
broca's area | involved in out ability to speak |
cerebral areas involved in special senses | gustatory, visual, auditory, and olfactory area |
interpretation areas of the cerebrum | speech/language region, language comprehension region, general interpretation area |
basal nuclei | internal islands of gray matter |
white matter (layers of the cerebrum) | inner layer, myelinated |
gray matter (layers of the cerebrum) | outer layer, composed mostly of neuron cell bodies |
diencephalon | sits on top of the brain stem; enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres |
Diencephalon is made of what three parts? | thalamus, hypothamalmus, epothamlamus |
thalamus | the relay station for sensory impulses, transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretaion |
hypothalamus | under the thalamus, an important part of the limbic system |
important autonomic nervous system center | helps regulate body temp, controls water balance, regulates metabolism, eating and drinking |
limbic system | emotional brain |
the pituitary gland is attached to the | hypothalamus |
epithalamus | houses the pineal body |
brain stem | attaches to the spinal cord |
parts of the brain stem | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongota |
midbrain | reflex centers for vision and hearing |
pons | the bulging center part of the brain stem, includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing |
medulla oblongota | the lowest part of the brain stem |
medulla oblongota contains which control centers? | heart rate control, blood pressure regulation, breathing, swallowing, vomiting |
Somatic nervous system SNS + ANS = ? | PNS |
ANS | not under conscious control; regulated by hypothalamus, brainstem |
the ANS supplies nerves to | viscera |
smooth muscle | stomach, blood vessles |
cardiac muscle | heart |
glands | sweat and digestive glands |
autonpmic nervous system | the involuntary branch of the nervous system; consists of only motor nerves |
autonomic nervous system divided into what two divisions? | sympathetic, parasympathetic |
somatic | one motor neuron; conscious; voluntary |
somatic-skeletal muscle | effector organ |
somatic- acetylcholine | neurotransmitter |
autonomic | pre and postganglionic nerves, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands- effector organs, acetylcholine, epinephrine, or nonrepinephrine- neurotransmitter, Unconscious, involuntary |
sympathetic | fight or flight |
Sympathetic "E" division | exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment |
parasympathetic | housekeeping activities; conserves energy |
Parasympatheic "D" division | digestion, defecation, and diuresis |
(rest-and-digest activites) SLUDD | salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defaction |
blood brain barrier | includes the least permeable capillaries of the body; excludes many potentially harmful substances |
blood brain barrier useless against | fats and fat soluble molecules, respiratory gases, alcohol, nicotine, anesthesia |
concussion | slight brain injury, no permanent brain damage |
contusion | nervous tissue destruction occurs, tissue does not regenerate |
cerebral edema | swelling from inflammatory response; may compress and kill brain tissue |
from early adulthood through old age | decline in brain mass, fewer synaptic contacts brain function, some decrease in brain function |
rapid brain growth in first few years of life | increase in size of neurons and proliferation of neuroglia, increase in development of denderitic branches and synaptic contracts |
olfactory nerve | sensory for smell |
optic nerve | sensory for vision |
oculomotor nerve | motor fibers to eye muscles |
trochlear | motor fiber to eye muscles |
trigeminal nerve | sensory for the face; motor fibers to chewing muscles |
abducens nerve | motor fibers to eye muscles |
facial nerve | sensory for taste; motor fibers to the face |
vestibulcochlear nerve | sensory for balance and hearing |
glossopharyngeal nerve | sensory for taste; motor fibers to the pharyx |
vagus nerves | sensory and motor fibers for pharynx, laryx, and viscera |
accessory nerve | motor fibers to neck and upper back |
hypoglossal nerve | motor fibers to tongue |
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