DR-A&PCh4 Word Scramble
|
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Term | Definition |
Histology | study of tissues |
tissue | group of similar cells and cell products that arise from the same region of the embryo, are similar in structure and work together to perform a specific structural or physiological function in an organ |
three primary germination layers in embryonic tissues | ectoderm (outer) layer, mesoderm (middle) layer, endoderm (inner) layer |
ectoderm | gives rise to epidermis and nervous system |
mesoderm | wispy collagen fibers and fibroblasts in gel matrix; gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood |
endoderm | gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive and respiratory tracts, digestive glands, and others |
longitudinal section (l.s.) | tissues cut along long direction of organ |
cross section (c.s. or x.s.) | tissue cut perpendicular to the length of organ |
oblique section | tissue cut at angle between longitudinal and cross sections |
four basic types of tissue | epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
matrix (extracellular material) is composed of | fibrous proteins, clear gel called ground substance, tissue fluid, extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, or tissue gel |
Consists of a flat sheet of closely adhering cells | epithelial tissue |
One or more cells thick | epithelial tissue |
Upper surface usually exposed to the environment or an internal space in the body | epithelial tissue |
Covers body surface and lines body cavities | epithelial tissue |
Forms the external and internal linings of many organs | epithelial tissue |
Constitutes most glands | epithelial tissue |
Extracellular material is so thin it is not visible with a light microscope | epithelial tissue |
allow no room for blood vessels | epithelial tissue |
Lie on a layer of loose connective tissue and depend on its blood vessels for nourishment and waste removal | epithelial tissue |
two types of epithelial tissue | 1) covering and lining epithelium, 2) glandular epithelium |
covers exposed surfaces eg. outer layer of skin | covering and lining epithelium |
covers organs inside body cavities | covering and lining epithelium |
covers inner lining of body cavities, tubes, ducts, blood vessels eg. inner lining of respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive tracts | covering and lining epithelium |
Protection from physical and chemical injury and microbial invasion, Sensation, Secretion, Absorption, Excretion, Diffusion, Cleaning, Reduces Friction | functions of epithelial tissue |
Cellularity – closely-packed cells ; little to no matrix | characteristic of epithelial tissue |
Continuous sheets joined by tight junctions and desmosomes | characteristic of epithelial tissue |
has a basement membrane | characteristic of epithelial tissue |
has basal and apical surfaces, supported by connective tissue | characteristic of epithelial tissue |
is avascular, innervated, regeneration (high mitotic rate), polarity | characteristic of epithelial tissue |
basement membrane | layer between an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue; anchors the epithelium to the connective tissue below it |
basal surface | surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane |
apical surface | surface of an epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane |
epithelial cell shapes | squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional |
epithelial cell layers | simple: one layer, stratified: multiple layers, pseudostratified |
thin and flat cells, scalelike. Allow for rapid passage of substances | squamous |
cube/hexagon -shaped cells. Tall as they are wide | cuboidal |
column-shaped cells. Much taller than are wide | columnar |
change shape from flat to cuboidal as organs (bladder) stretch and contract | transitional |
Four types of simple epithelia | simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar |
thin scaly cells | squamous |
square or round cells | cuboidal |
tall narrow cels | columnar |
wineglass-shaped mucus-secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia | goblet cells |
Not all cells reach the free surface, Shorter cells are covered over by taller ones, Looks stratified, Every cell reaches the basement membrane | pseudostratified columnar |
simple squamous epithelial cell functions and characteristics | Adapted for rapid diffusion, osmosis, filtration ( transport of substances), Secretes serous fluid, Located where there is little wear and tear |
simple cuboidal epithelial cell functions and characteristics | Adapted for absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement, Located in ducts and secretory portion of small ducts |
simple columnar epithelial cell functions and characteristics | Oval nuclei in basal half of cell; Brush border of microvilli, ciliated in some organs, may possess goblet cells; Located in areas of absorption and secretion; secretion of mucus |
pseudostratified epithelial cell functions and characteristics | looks multilayered, columnar; some not reaching free surface; all touch basement membrane; nuclei at several levels; with cilia and goblet cells, sometimes augmented by glands; secretes and propels mucus |
Range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells | stratified epithelia |
Some cells resting directly on others - Only the deepest layer attaches to the basement membrane | stratified epithelia |
four types of stratified epithelia | stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, transitional epithelium |
most widespread epithelia in the body | stratified epithelia |
deepest layers of this tissue type undergo continuous mitosis | stratified epithelia |
characteristics of stratified squamous | superficial layer : flat cells; deep layers : cells vary in shape; basal cells replicate constantly |
Protects delicate tissues in areas subject to abrasion | stratified squamous |
two types of stratified squamous cells | keratinized and nonkeratinized |
on skin surface (epidermis), abrasion resistant, resists water loss and pathogen entry | keratinized stratified squamous cells |
lacks surface layer of dead cells. Found in esophagus, tongue, oral mucosa, vagina | nonkeratinized stratified squamous cells |
Multilayered epithelium surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched | transitional |
A type of tissue in which cells usually occupy less space than the extracellular material | connective tissue |
Most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the primary tissues | connective tissue |
Binds organs to each other, supports and protects organs | connective tissue |
Most cells of this tissue are not in direct contact with each other | connective tissue |
arise from mesenchyme | connective tissue |
Highly vascular—richly supplied with blood vessels | connective tissue |
Regeneration: able but not as rapid as epithelial tissue | connective tissue |
Structural framework and support for organs | connective tissue |
Physical protection – cranium, ribs, sternum | connective tissue |
Packing (fills spaces between organs) | connective tissue |
Storage (of lipids, water, electrolytes, calcium, phosphorus) | connective tissue |
Defense (WBCs enter this tissue from blood) | connective tissue |
Binding of organs – tendons and ligaments | connective tissue |
associated with movement, repair, insulation, heat production, and transport inside the body | connective tissue |
structural components of fibrous connective tissue | cells, ground substance, protein fibers |
may be fluid, semi fluid, gelatinous, fibrous, calcified | the extracellular matrix of fibrous connective tissue |
produce fibers and ground substance in fibrous connective tissue | fibroblasts |
phagocytize foreign material in fibrous connective tissue (arise from WBC called monocytes) | macrophages |
cells in bone (a type of fibrous connective tissue) | osteoblasts, osteocytes |
cells in cartilage (a type of fibrous connective tissue) | chondroblasts, chondrocytes |
synthesize disease fighting antibodies (arise from lymphocytes) in fibrous connective tissue | plasma cells |
develop from monocytes in fibrous connective tissue | mast cells |
store fat molecules (triglycerides) in fibrous connective tissue | adipose cells |
produce melanin, found in fibrous connective tissue | melanocytes |
Most abundant of the body’s proteins—25%; Tough, flexible, high tensile strength, resist stretching; Tendons, ligaments, deep layer of skin - mostly collagen; Less visible in matrix of cartilage and bone | collagenous fibers |
Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein; Reticular = network; Form framework of such organs as spleen & lymph nodes | reticular fibers |
Made of protein called elastin; Thinner than collagenous fibers; Branch and rejoin each other; Allows stretch and recoil; Yellow fibers—fresh elastic fibers | elastic fibers |
fills space between cells & contains the fibers | ground substance |
Usually gelatinous to rubbery consistency; may be viscous (blood), semisolid (cartilage), or solid (bone); From three classes of large molecules | ground substance |
three large classes of molecules that form ground substance | Glycosaminoglycans; proteoglycan; adhesive glycoproteins |
Role of regulating H2O & electrolyte balance in tissues | glycosaminoglycans |
Forms thick colloids that create strong structural bond between cells and extracellular macromolecules; holds tissues together | proteoglycan |
bind components of tissues together | adhesive glycoproteins |
classification of connective tissue - two types | Embryonic connective tissue; Mature Connective tissues (CT proper) |
developing from mesoderm of embryo. Differentiates into blood vessels, blood related organs and connective tissue | Mesenchymal CT |
Supports blood vessels of umbilical cords in developing fetus. | Mucous CT: Wharton’s Jelly |
classification of connective tissue - two types | Embryonic connective tissue; Mature Connective tissues (CT proper) |
developing from mesoderm of embryo. Differentiates into blood vessels, blood related organs and connective tissue | Mesenchymal CT |
Supports blood vessels of umbilical cords in developing fetus. | Mucous CT: Wharton’s Jelly |
Loose fibers; Much gel-like ground substance between cells | Loose connective tissue |
two types of loose connective tissue | Areolar; Reticular |
Densely packed fibers; Fibers fill spaces between cells; Types vary in fiber orientation | Dense connective tissue |
two types of dense connective tissue | Dense regular CT; Dense irregular CT |
Loose irregular fibrous CT; fewer fibers going in all directions; Most widely distributed. | Loose Connective Tissue: Areolar |
Subcutaneous layer; around capillaries, organs, joints, between muscles | loose connective tissue: areolar |
Cushions shock, allow movement of skin over muscle. | loose connective tissue: areolar |
Supporting and binding other tissues | loose connective tissue: areolar |
Holding body fluids | loose connective tissue: areolar |
Storing nutrients as fat (in fat cells) | loose connective tissue: areolar |
Underlies all epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels | loose connective tissue: areolar |
reticular collagen fibers only- thinner, branched | Loose Connective Tissue: Reticular |
Provides the architectural framework (stroma) of bone marrow | loose connective tissue: reticular |
Forms soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types | loose connective tissue: reticular |
Densely packed collagen fibers arranged in same direction with compressed fibroblast nuclei | Fibrous Connective Tissue – dense regular |
In Tendons, aponeuroses - attach muscles to bones; In ligaments hold bones together | Fibrous Connective Tissue – dense regular |
freely branching elastic fibers; elasticity; provides strength | Dense Elastic CT |
Allows expansion and contraction of organs, cushions shocks, stabilizes positions of vertebrae. | Dense Elastic CT |
Found underlying transitional epithelia & in walls of blood vessels | Dense Elastic CT |
Densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers and few visible cells | Fibrous Connective Tissue - Dense irregular |
Withstands unpredictable stresses | Fibrous Connective Tissue - Dense irregular |
Withstands stress in many directions | Fibrous Connective Tissue - Dense irregular |
In dermis of skin; submucosa of the digestive tract; fibrous capsules or organs and of joints | Fibrous Connective Tissue - Dense irregular |
adipocytes are the dominant cell type | adipose tissue |
Highly vascularized; very little matrix | adipose tissue |
Space between adipocytes is occupied by areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries | adipose tissue |
the body’s primary energy reservoir | adipose tissue |
Empty-looking cells with thin margins; nucleus pressed against cell membrane | adipose tissue |
Energy storage, insulation, cushioning | functions of adipose tissue |
Anchors and cushions organs ex. eyeballs, kidneys | adipose tissue |
Contributes to body contours—female breast and hips | adipose tissue |
Supportive connective tissue with flexible, rubbery matrix | cartilage |
Gives shape to ear, tip of nose, and larynx | cartilage |
in cartilage, produce matrix and surround themselves until they become trapped in little cavities (lacunae) | chrondroblasts |
cartilage cells in lacunae | chrondrocytes |
sheath of dense irregular CT that surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage (not articular cartilage) | perichondrium |
Contains a reserve population of chondroblasts that contribute to cartilage growth throughout life | perichondrium |
implications of cartilage having no blood vessels | Diffusion brings nutrients and removes wastes; Heals slowly |
Matrix rich in chondroitin sulfate and contains collagen fibers | cartilage |
Clear, glassy microscopic appearance because of unusual fineness of the collagen fibers; Usually covered by perichondrium | hyaline cartilage |
most abundant cartilage BUT weakest of 3 cartilages | hyaline cartilage |
the ground substance of this type of cartilage is gel | hyaline cartilage |
Articular cartilage, costal cartilage, trachea, larynx, fetal skeleton nose, trachea, pharynx | examples of hyaline cartilage |
Cushions, allows flexibility, support, reinforces, reduced friction & shock absorption in joints | functions of hyaline cartilage |
Eases joint movement, holds airway open, moves vocal cords | functions of hyaline cartilage |
type of cartilage containing large amounts of elastic fibers | elastic cartilage |
type of cartilage covered with perichondrium | elastic cartilage |
type of cartilage providing flexible, elastic support | elastic cartilage |
type of cartilage that maintains shape of structures, while allowing great flexibility | elastic cartilage |
elastic cartilage is located... | external ear; epiglottis |
Strongest of 3 cartilages | fibrocartilage |
type of cartilage that contains large, coarse bundles of collagen fibers for rigidity and stiffness | fibrocartilage |
type of cartilage that lacks perichondrium | fibrocartilage |
Resists compression and absorbs shock | functions of fibrocartilage |
Pubic symphysis, menisci of knee, and intervertebral discs | locations of fibrocartilage |
the term bone can refer to these two things | 1) An organ of the body: femur, mandible; composed of multiple tissue types, 2) Bone tissue (osseous tissue) makes up most of mass of bone |
two forms of osseous tissue | spongy bone, compact bone |
type of osseous tissue that is spongy in appearance | spongy bone |
type of osseous tissue that has delicate struts of bone: trabeculae | spongy bone |
type of osseous tissue that is covered by compact bone | spongy bone |
location of spongy bone | found in heads of long bones and in middle of flat bones such as the sternum |
type of osseous tissue that is denser, calcified tissue with no visible spaces | compact bone |
type of osseous tissue that has a more complex arrangement | compact bone |
type of osseous tissue in which cells and matrix surround vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones | compact bone |
arranged in cylinders that surround central canal that run longitudinally through shafts of long bones | compact bone |
in compact bone, blood vessels and nerves travel through... | the central canal |
bones + cartilage + joints = | protects delicate structures |
Bone + muscle = | movement |
function of red bone marrow | hematopoiesis |
function of yellow bone marrow | store triglycerides |
two forms of liquid connective tissue | blood, lymph |
the connective tissue extracellular matrix in blood is composed of | blood plasma (water + dissolved enzymes, proteins) |
cells involved in blood (as connective tissue) | WBC, RBC, Platelets (soluble proteins) |
Extracellular fluid in lymphatic vessels | lymph |
the connective tissue extracellular matrix of lymph | blood plasma |
the cells involved in lymph (as connective tissue) | WBC |
the fibers involved in lymph connective tissue | liquid proteins |
excitability, a characteristic of all living cells, is developed to the highest degree in... | nervous and muscular tissues |
electrical charge difference (voltage) that occurs across the plasma membranes, the basis for their excitation | membrane potential |
cells respond quickly to outside stimulus by means of changes in... | membrane potential |
changes result in rapid transmission of signals to other cells | nerves |
changes result in contraction, shortening of the cell | muscle |
specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals | nervous tissue |
location of nervous tissue | In CNS (brain, spinal cord) and PNS (nerves) |
in general, lack capacity to regenerate | nervous tissue |
involved in coordinating and controlling many body activities | nervous tissue |
two cell types of nervous tissue | neurons, neuroglia (glial) |
nervous tissue cells that detect stimuli & respond quickly | neurons |
nervous tissue cells that conduct nerve impulses rapidly to other cells | neurons |
nervous tissue supporting cells | neuroglia |
nervous tissue cells that protect and assist neurons | neuroglia |
nervous tissue cells that are the "Housekeepers" of nervous system | neuroglia |
parts of a neuron | neurosoma (cell body); axon; dendrite |
Elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation | characteristic of muscle tissue |
muscle fibers usually arranged in bundles/layers that are surrounded by CT | characteristic of muscle tissue |
Primary job is to exert physical force on other tissues and organs | muscle tissue |
Creates movements involved in body and limb movement, digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech, and blood circulation | muscle tissue |
is vascular tissue involved with maintaining posture, pumping blood, and is an important source of body heat | muscle tissue |
tissue type that becomes specialized in adults | muscle tissue |
tissue type that lack capacity to regenerate to some extent | muscle tissue |
three types of muscle tissue | skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
voluntary striated muscle tissue | skeletal |
involuntary striated muscle tissue | cardiac |
multinucleated muscle tissue | skeletal |
mononucleated striated muscle tissue | cardiac |
mononucleated nonstriated muscle tissue | smooth |
muscle tissue with long cylindrical cells | skeletal |
muscle tissue where cells fuse end to end | cardiac |
muscle tissue with intercalated discs | cardiac |
muscle tissue attached to bones or skin | skeletal |
muscle tissue located in walls of heart | cardiac |
muscle tissue with spindle-shaped cells | smooth |
muscle tissue with a central nucleus | smooth |
muscle tissue located in the walls of hollow organs | smooth |
cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body | gland |
Composed of epithelial tissue in a connective tissue framework and capsule | gland |
May produce product that it synthesizes (digestive enzymes) or products that it removes from tissues and modifies (urine) | gland |
product useful to the body produced by glands | secretion |
waste product removed from tissues by glands | excretion |
secrete their products (eg. excluding hormones) into ducts which lead directly into the external environment | exocrine glands |
secrete their products (ie hormones) directly into bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrine) that have local effect | endocrine glands |
cell + contents released | holocrine gland |
form secretory product & release it | merocrine gland |
part of cell pinches off to form the secretion | apocrine gland |
produce and secrete a non- viscous, thin watery fluid | serous gland |
secrete mucin (glycoprotein) | mucous gland |
mucin + water = | mucus (sticky secretion) |
unicellular mucous glands | goblet cells |
contain serous + mucus cells | mixed glands |
cells that produce a mixture of two secretions | mixed glands |
Release whole cells, sperm and egg cells | cytogenic glands |
have vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis | Merocrine glands (eccrine glands) |
also primarily use a merocrine mode of secretion | apocrine glands |
cells accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates | holocrine glands |
Secretion of a mixture of cell fragments and synthesized substance | holocrine glands |
organs which have both endocrine and exocrine functions | Liver, gonads, pancreas |
glands found in epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory | unicellular glands |
Mucus-secreting goblet or endocrine cells of stomach and small intestine | examples of unicellular glands |
unicellular glands can be... | endocrine or exocrine |
thin sheets of tissue that cover the body, line body cavities, and cover organs within the cavities in hollow organs | body membranes |
organs which have both endocrine and exocrine functions | Liver, gonads, pancreas |
glands found in epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory | unicellular glands |
these glands can be endocrine or exocrine | unicellular glands |
Mucus-secreting goblet or endocrine cells of stomach and small intestine | examples of unicellular glands |
consist of epithelial tissue and the connective tissue to which it is attached | Epithelial tissue membranes |
examples of epithelial tissue membranes | a) mucous membranes b) serous membranes c) cutaneous membranes |
contain only connective tissue | connective tissue membranes |
examples of connective tissue membranes | a) Synovial membranes b) meninges |
lines passages that open to the external environment | mucosa (mucous membranes) |
mucosa membranes line these | Digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts |
of mucosa, may be absorptive, ciliated, or other cell types | the epithelium |
of mucosa, areolar connective tissue | lamina propria |
of mucosa, the smooth muscle layer | Muscularis mucosae |
membrane which has absorptive, secretory, and protective functions | mucosa |
in mucosa, these cells produce mucus | goblet cells |
lines body cavities that do not open directly to the outside | serous membranes (serosa) |
Covers organs and lines walls of body cavities | serosa |
membrane type of which endothelium lines blood vessels and heart | serosa |
membrane type of which mesothelium lines body cavities (pericardium, peritoneum, and pleura) | serosa |
simple squamous epithelium resting on a layer of areolar tissue | serosa |
Epithelium secretes serous fluid that arises from blood | serosa |
Serous fluid lubricates membranes and reduces friction and abrasion when organs in cavities move against each other or the cavity wall | serosa |
largest membrane in the body | cutaneous membrane (the skin) |
Stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) resting on a layer of connective tissue (dermis) | cutaneous membrane (skin) |
has a relatively dry layer that serves a protective function | cutaneous membrane |
line the cavities of freely movable joints eg shoulder, elbow, and knee | synovial membranes |
connective tissue membrane with no layer of epithelium | synovial membrane |
secrete synovial fluid which lubricates cartilage on ends of bones | synovial membrane |
composed of Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater | meninges |
covering brain and spinal cord | meninges |
Increase in the number of cells or the existing cells grow larger | tissue growth |
tissue growth through cell multiplication | hyperplasia |
enlargement of preexisting cells | hypertrophy |
examples of hypertrophy | Muscle growth through exercise; Accumulation of body fat |
development of a tumor (neoplasm) | neoplasia |
can be benign or malignant; composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue | neoplasia |
Tissues can change types, but only... | within certain limits |
Unspecialized tissues of embryo become specialized mature types | differentiation |
Changing from one type of mature tissue to another | metaplasia |
undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function | stem cells |
Have potential to differentiate into one or more types of mature functional cells | stem cells |
diversity of mature cell types to which stem cells can give rise | Developmental plasticity |
two types of embryonic stem cells | totipotent, pluripotent |
type of embryonic stem cell, has potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell | totipotent |
type of embryonic stem cell, can develop into any type of cell in the embryo | pluripotent |
undifferentiated cells in tissues of adults | adult stem cells |
types of adult stem cells | multipotent, unipotent |
type of adult stem cell, example: bone marrow producing several blood cell types | multipotent |
type of adult stem cell, most limited plasticity; example: only epidermal cells produced | unipotent |
Process of restoration and function of tissue after injury | tissue repair |
tissue repair occurs in two ways | regeneration; fibrosis (scarring) |
replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before, restores normal function | regeneration of injured tissue |
Replacement with scar tissue by CT; does not restore normal function | fibrosis (scarring) |
cells with a continuous capacity to regenerate | epithelial tissue cells |
bone (connective tissue) can regenerate... | rapidly |
cartilage (connective tissue) can regenerate... | but less rapidly than bone |
tissue type with poor capacity for regeneration | muscle tissue |
muscle tissue type that can regenerate, but not rapidly | skeletal muscle |
muscle tissue type that cannot regenerate, lacking satellite cells | cardiac muscle |
muscle tissue type with proliferation but slower than epithelial cells | smooth muscle |
tissue type with the poorest capacity for renewal | nervous tissue |
three stages of regenerative tissue repair | inflammation, granulation, regeneration |
tissue repair, during inflammation | Pain, swelling, redness, heat; Local vasodilation; Severed blood vessels bleed into cut; Mast cells & damaged cells release histamine; Increases blood flow to area; Makes capillaries more permeable |
during tissue repair, blood plasma seeps into wound carrying | Antibodies, blood cells; Clotting proteins – clot forms (Inhibits spread of pathogens to healthy tissue) |
during tissue repair, scab formation offers... | temporary protection |
during tissue repair, macrophages phagocytize and digest | tissue debris |
Granulation tissue forms, replacing clot | during granulation stage of tissue repair |
New capillaries sprout from nearby vessels and grow into wound | durring granulation stage of tissue repair |
Deeper portions of the wound become infiltrated by capillaries & fibroblasts | during granulation stage of tissue repair |
begins 3-4 days after an injury and lasts up to 2 weeks | granulation stage of tissue repair |
Surface epithelial cells around wound multiply and migrate into wound area beneath scab | during regeneration stage of tissue repair |
Epithelium regenerates under scab | during regeneration stage of tissue repair |
Connective tissue undergoes fibrosis, though scar tissue may or may not show through epithelium | during regeneration stage of tissue repair |
Remodeling (maturation) phase begins several weeks after injury and may last up to 2 years | during regeneration stage of tissue repair |
scarring occurs... | In extensive tissue damage |
Both parenchymal cells and CT are active | during scarring |
Occurs when fibroblasts are active | scarring |
Results in formation of new connective tissue | scarring |
another name for scar formation | fibrosis |
examples of labile tissues | bone marrow, kidneys, GI epithelium |
tissues in which cells are continuously dividing | labile tissues |
these tissues easily regenerate after injury | labile tissues |
these tissues contain a pool of stem cells | labile tissues |
examples of stable tissues | Liver, kidneys, pancreas |
these tissues have cells with a limited ability to divide and regenerate (except liver) | stable tissues |
examples of permanent tissues | Neurons, cardiac muscle |
these tissues have cells which cannot proliferate | permanent tissues |
these tissues cannot regenerate (so injury always leads to scar) | permanent tissues |
a way in which cardiac tissue can regenerate | stem cell migrate to heart from blood |
shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number | atrophy |
Senile atrophy occurs through | normal aging |
Disuse atrophy occurs from | lack of use |
premature, pathological death of tissue due to trauma, toxins, or infections | necrosis |
sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off | infarction |
tissue necrosis due to insufficient blood supply | gangrene |
bed sore or pressure sore | decubitus ulcer |
anaerobic bacterial infection that causes tissue necrosis | gas gangrene |
programmed cell death | apoptosis |
Normal death of cells that have completed their function and best serve the body by dying and getting out of the way | apoptosis |
what happens to cell remnants after apoptosis | Phagocytized by macrophages and other cells |
number of cells that die by apoptosis | billions |
apoptosis can occur because... | Every cell has a built-in “suicide program” |
Extracellular suicide signal binds receptor protein in the plasma membrane called... | Fas |
Fas activates enzymes | endonuclease chops up DNA and protease destroys proteins |
artificial production of tissues and organs in the lab for implantation in the human body | tissue engineering |
Framework of collagen or biodegradable polyester fibers are seeded with human cells and grown in a 'bioreactor' (like a mouse) | process of tissue engineering |
Created by:
jcoletaylor
Popular Anatomy sets