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DR-A&PCh4
Dragon Rises Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 4 - Histology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Histology | study of tissues |
| tissue | group of similar cells and cell products that arise from the same region of the embryo, are similar in structure and work together to perform a specific structural or physiological function in an organ |
| three primary germination layers in embryonic tissues | ectoderm (outer) layer, mesoderm (middle) layer, endoderm (inner) layer |
| ectoderm | gives rise to epidermis and nervous system |
| mesoderm | wispy collagen fibers and fibroblasts in gel matrix; gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood |
| endoderm | gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive and respiratory tracts, digestive glands, and others |
| longitudinal section (l.s.) | tissues cut along long direction of organ |
| cross section (c.s. or x.s.) | tissue cut perpendicular to the length of organ |
| oblique section | tissue cut at angle between longitudinal and cross sections |
| four basic types of tissue | epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
| matrix (extracellular material) is composed of | fibrous proteins, clear gel called ground substance, tissue fluid, extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, or tissue gel |
| Consists of a flat sheet of closely adhering cells | epithelial tissue |
| One or more cells thick | epithelial tissue |
| Upper surface usually exposed to the environment or an internal space in the body | epithelial tissue |
| Covers body surface and lines body cavities | epithelial tissue |
| Forms the external and internal linings of many organs | epithelial tissue |
| Constitutes most glands | epithelial tissue |
| Extracellular material is so thin it is not visible with a light microscope | epithelial tissue |
| allow no room for blood vessels | epithelial tissue |
| Lie on a layer of loose connective tissue and depend on its blood vessels for nourishment and waste removal | epithelial tissue |
| two types of epithelial tissue | 1) covering and lining epithelium, 2) glandular epithelium |
| covers exposed surfaces eg. outer layer of skin | covering and lining epithelium |
| covers organs inside body cavities | covering and lining epithelium |
| covers inner lining of body cavities, tubes, ducts, blood vessels eg. inner lining of respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive tracts | covering and lining epithelium |
| Protection from physical and chemical injury and microbial invasion, Sensation, Secretion, Absorption, Excretion, Diffusion, Cleaning, Reduces Friction | functions of epithelial tissue |
| Cellularity – closely-packed cells ; little to no matrix | characteristic of epithelial tissue |
| Continuous sheets joined by tight junctions and desmosomes | characteristic of epithelial tissue |
| has a basement membrane | characteristic of epithelial tissue |
| has basal and apical surfaces, supported by connective tissue | characteristic of epithelial tissue |
| is avascular, innervated, regeneration (high mitotic rate), polarity | characteristic of epithelial tissue |
| basement membrane | layer between an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue; anchors the epithelium to the connective tissue below it |
| basal surface | surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane |
| apical surface | surface of an epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane |
| epithelial cell shapes | squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional |
| epithelial cell layers | simple: one layer, stratified: multiple layers, pseudostratified |
| thin and flat cells, scalelike. Allow for rapid passage of substances | squamous |
| cube/hexagon -shaped cells. Tall as they are wide | cuboidal |
| column-shaped cells. Much taller than are wide | columnar |
| change shape from flat to cuboidal as organs (bladder) stretch and contract | transitional |
| Four types of simple epithelia | simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar |
| thin scaly cells | squamous |
| square or round cells | cuboidal |
| tall narrow cels | columnar |
| wineglass-shaped mucus-secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia | goblet cells |
| Not all cells reach the free surface, Shorter cells are covered over by taller ones, Looks stratified, Every cell reaches the basement membrane | pseudostratified columnar |
| simple squamous epithelial cell functions and characteristics | Adapted for rapid diffusion, osmosis, filtration ( transport of substances), Secretes serous fluid, Located where there is little wear and tear |
| simple cuboidal epithelial cell functions and characteristics | Adapted for absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement, Located in ducts and secretory portion of small ducts |
| simple columnar epithelial cell functions and characteristics | Oval nuclei in basal half of cell; Brush border of microvilli, ciliated in some organs, may possess goblet cells; Located in areas of absorption and secretion; secretion of mucus |
| pseudostratified epithelial cell functions and characteristics | looks multilayered, columnar; some not reaching free surface; all touch basement membrane; nuclei at several levels; with cilia and goblet cells, sometimes augmented by glands; secretes and propels mucus |
| Range from 2 to 20 or more layers of cells | stratified epithelia |
| Some cells resting directly on others - Only the deepest layer attaches to the basement membrane | stratified epithelia |
| four types of stratified epithelia | stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, transitional epithelium |
| most widespread epithelia in the body | stratified epithelia |
| deepest layers of this tissue type undergo continuous mitosis | stratified epithelia |
| characteristics of stratified squamous | superficial layer : flat cells; deep layers : cells vary in shape; basal cells replicate constantly |
| Protects delicate tissues in areas subject to abrasion | stratified squamous |
| two types of stratified squamous cells | keratinized and nonkeratinized |
| on skin surface (epidermis), abrasion resistant, resists water loss and pathogen entry | keratinized stratified squamous cells |
| lacks surface layer of dead cells. Found in esophagus, tongue, oral mucosa, vagina | nonkeratinized stratified squamous cells |
| Multilayered epithelium surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched | transitional |
| A type of tissue in which cells usually occupy less space than the extracellular material | connective tissue |
| Most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the primary tissues | connective tissue |
| Binds organs to each other, supports and protects organs | connective tissue |
| Most cells of this tissue are not in direct contact with each other | connective tissue |
| arise from mesenchyme | connective tissue |
| Highly vascular—richly supplied with blood vessels | connective tissue |
| Regeneration: able but not as rapid as epithelial tissue | connective tissue |
| Structural framework and support for organs | connective tissue |
| Physical protection – cranium, ribs, sternum | connective tissue |
| Packing (fills spaces between organs) | connective tissue |
| Storage (of lipids, water, electrolytes, calcium, phosphorus) | connective tissue |
| Defense (WBCs enter this tissue from blood) | connective tissue |
| Binding of organs – tendons and ligaments | connective tissue |
| associated with movement, repair, insulation, heat production, and transport inside the body | connective tissue |
| structural components of fibrous connective tissue | cells, ground substance, protein fibers |
| may be fluid, semi fluid, gelatinous, fibrous, calcified | the extracellular matrix of fibrous connective tissue |
| produce fibers and ground substance in fibrous connective tissue | fibroblasts |
| phagocytize foreign material in fibrous connective tissue (arise from WBC called monocytes) | macrophages |
| cells in bone (a type of fibrous connective tissue) | osteoblasts, osteocytes |
| cells in cartilage (a type of fibrous connective tissue) | chondroblasts, chondrocytes |
| synthesize disease fighting antibodies (arise from lymphocytes) in fibrous connective tissue | plasma cells |
| develop from monocytes in fibrous connective tissue | mast cells |
| store fat molecules (triglycerides) in fibrous connective tissue | adipose cells |
| produce melanin, found in fibrous connective tissue | melanocytes |
| Most abundant of the body’s proteins—25%; Tough, flexible, high tensile strength, resist stretching; Tendons, ligaments, deep layer of skin - mostly collagen; Less visible in matrix of cartilage and bone | collagenous fibers |
| Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein; Reticular = network; Form framework of such organs as spleen & lymph nodes | reticular fibers |
| Made of protein called elastin; Thinner than collagenous fibers; Branch and rejoin each other; Allows stretch and recoil; Yellow fibers—fresh elastic fibers | elastic fibers |
| fills space between cells & contains the fibers | ground substance |
| Usually gelatinous to rubbery consistency; may be viscous (blood), semisolid (cartilage), or solid (bone); From three classes of large molecules | ground substance |
| three large classes of molecules that form ground substance | Glycosaminoglycans; proteoglycan; adhesive glycoproteins |
| Role of regulating H2O & electrolyte balance in tissues | glycosaminoglycans |
| Forms thick colloids that create strong structural bond between cells and extracellular macromolecules; holds tissues together | proteoglycan |
| bind components of tissues together | adhesive glycoproteins |
| classification of connective tissue - two types | Embryonic connective tissue; Mature Connective tissues (CT proper) |
| developing from mesoderm of embryo. Differentiates into blood vessels, blood related organs and connective tissue | Mesenchymal CT |
| Supports blood vessels of umbilical cords in developing fetus. | Mucous CT: Wharton’s Jelly |
| classification of connective tissue - two types | Embryonic connective tissue; Mature Connective tissues (CT proper) |
| developing from mesoderm of embryo. Differentiates into blood vessels, blood related organs and connective tissue | Mesenchymal CT |
| Supports blood vessels of umbilical cords in developing fetus. | Mucous CT: Wharton’s Jelly |
| Loose fibers; Much gel-like ground substance between cells | Loose connective tissue |
| two types of loose connective tissue | Areolar; Reticular |
| Densely packed fibers; Fibers fill spaces between cells; Types vary in fiber orientation | Dense connective tissue |
| two types of dense connective tissue | Dense regular CT; Dense irregular CT |
| Loose irregular fibrous CT; fewer fibers going in all directions; Most widely distributed. | Loose Connective Tissue: Areolar |
| Subcutaneous layer; around capillaries, organs, joints, between muscles | loose connective tissue: areolar |
| Cushions shock, allow movement of skin over muscle. | loose connective tissue: areolar |
| Supporting and binding other tissues | loose connective tissue: areolar |
| Holding body fluids | loose connective tissue: areolar |
| Storing nutrients as fat (in fat cells) | loose connective tissue: areolar |
| Underlies all epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels | loose connective tissue: areolar |
| reticular collagen fibers only- thinner, branched | Loose Connective Tissue: Reticular |
| Provides the architectural framework (stroma) of bone marrow | loose connective tissue: reticular |
| Forms soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types | loose connective tissue: reticular |
| Densely packed collagen fibers arranged in same direction with compressed fibroblast nuclei | Fibrous Connective Tissue – dense regular |
| In Tendons, aponeuroses - attach muscles to bones; In ligaments hold bones together | Fibrous Connective Tissue – dense regular |
| freely branching elastic fibers; elasticity; provides strength | Dense Elastic CT |
| Allows expansion and contraction of organs, cushions shocks, stabilizes positions of vertebrae. | Dense Elastic CT |
| Found underlying transitional epithelia & in walls of blood vessels | Dense Elastic CT |
| Densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers and few visible cells | Fibrous Connective Tissue - Dense irregular |
| Withstands unpredictable stresses | Fibrous Connective Tissue - Dense irregular |
| Withstands stress in many directions | Fibrous Connective Tissue - Dense irregular |
| In dermis of skin; submucosa of the digestive tract; fibrous capsules or organs and of joints | Fibrous Connective Tissue - Dense irregular |
| adipocytes are the dominant cell type | adipose tissue |
| Highly vascularized; very little matrix | adipose tissue |
| Space between adipocytes is occupied by areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries | adipose tissue |
| the body’s primary energy reservoir | adipose tissue |
| Empty-looking cells with thin margins; nucleus pressed against cell membrane | adipose tissue |
| Energy storage, insulation, cushioning | functions of adipose tissue |
| Anchors and cushions organs ex. eyeballs, kidneys | adipose tissue |
| Contributes to body contours—female breast and hips | adipose tissue |
| Supportive connective tissue with flexible, rubbery matrix | cartilage |
| Gives shape to ear, tip of nose, and larynx | cartilage |
| in cartilage, produce matrix and surround themselves until they become trapped in little cavities (lacunae) | chrondroblasts |
| cartilage cells in lacunae | chrondrocytes |
| sheath of dense irregular CT that surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage (not articular cartilage) | perichondrium |
| Contains a reserve population of chondroblasts that contribute to cartilage growth throughout life | perichondrium |
| implications of cartilage having no blood vessels | Diffusion brings nutrients and removes wastes; Heals slowly |
| Matrix rich in chondroitin sulfate and contains collagen fibers | cartilage |
| Clear, glassy microscopic appearance because of unusual fineness of the collagen fibers; Usually covered by perichondrium | hyaline cartilage |
| most abundant cartilage BUT weakest of 3 cartilages | hyaline cartilage |
| the ground substance of this type of cartilage is gel | hyaline cartilage |
| Articular cartilage, costal cartilage, trachea, larynx, fetal skeleton nose, trachea, pharynx | examples of hyaline cartilage |
| Cushions, allows flexibility, support, reinforces, reduced friction & shock absorption in joints | functions of hyaline cartilage |
| Eases joint movement, holds airway open, moves vocal cords | functions of hyaline cartilage |
| type of cartilage containing large amounts of elastic fibers | elastic cartilage |
| type of cartilage covered with perichondrium | elastic cartilage |
| type of cartilage providing flexible, elastic support | elastic cartilage |
| type of cartilage that maintains shape of structures, while allowing great flexibility | elastic cartilage |
| elastic cartilage is located... | external ear; epiglottis |
| Strongest of 3 cartilages | fibrocartilage |
| type of cartilage that contains large, coarse bundles of collagen fibers for rigidity and stiffness | fibrocartilage |
| type of cartilage that lacks perichondrium | fibrocartilage |
| Resists compression and absorbs shock | functions of fibrocartilage |
| Pubic symphysis, menisci of knee, and intervertebral discs | locations of fibrocartilage |
| the term bone can refer to these two things | 1) An organ of the body: femur, mandible; composed of multiple tissue types, 2) Bone tissue (osseous tissue) makes up most of mass of bone |
| two forms of osseous tissue | spongy bone, compact bone |
| type of osseous tissue that is spongy in appearance | spongy bone |
| type of osseous tissue that has delicate struts of bone: trabeculae | spongy bone |
| type of osseous tissue that is covered by compact bone | spongy bone |
| location of spongy bone | found in heads of long bones and in middle of flat bones such as the sternum |
| type of osseous tissue that is denser, calcified tissue with no visible spaces | compact bone |
| type of osseous tissue that has a more complex arrangement | compact bone |
| type of osseous tissue in which cells and matrix surround vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones | compact bone |
| arranged in cylinders that surround central canal that run longitudinally through shafts of long bones | compact bone |
| in compact bone, blood vessels and nerves travel through... | the central canal |
| bones + cartilage + joints = | protects delicate structures |
| Bone + muscle = | movement |
| function of red bone marrow | hematopoiesis |
| function of yellow bone marrow | store triglycerides |
| two forms of liquid connective tissue | blood, lymph |
| the connective tissue extracellular matrix in blood is composed of | blood plasma (water + dissolved enzymes, proteins) |
| cells involved in blood (as connective tissue) | WBC, RBC, Platelets (soluble proteins) |
| Extracellular fluid in lymphatic vessels | lymph |
| the connective tissue extracellular matrix of lymph | blood plasma |
| the cells involved in lymph (as connective tissue) | WBC |
| the fibers involved in lymph connective tissue | liquid proteins |
| excitability, a characteristic of all living cells, is developed to the highest degree in... | nervous and muscular tissues |
| electrical charge difference (voltage) that occurs across the plasma membranes, the basis for their excitation | membrane potential |
| cells respond quickly to outside stimulus by means of changes in... | membrane potential |
| changes result in rapid transmission of signals to other cells | nerves |
| changes result in contraction, shortening of the cell | muscle |
| specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals | nervous tissue |
| location of nervous tissue | In CNS (brain, spinal cord) and PNS (nerves) |
| in general, lack capacity to regenerate | nervous tissue |
| involved in coordinating and controlling many body activities | nervous tissue |
| two cell types of nervous tissue | neurons, neuroglia (glial) |
| nervous tissue cells that detect stimuli & respond quickly | neurons |
| nervous tissue cells that conduct nerve impulses rapidly to other cells | neurons |
| nervous tissue supporting cells | neuroglia |
| nervous tissue cells that protect and assist neurons | neuroglia |
| nervous tissue cells that are the "Housekeepers" of nervous system | neuroglia |
| parts of a neuron | neurosoma (cell body); axon; dendrite |
| Elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation | characteristic of muscle tissue |
| muscle fibers usually arranged in bundles/layers that are surrounded by CT | characteristic of muscle tissue |
| Primary job is to exert physical force on other tissues and organs | muscle tissue |
| Creates movements involved in body and limb movement, digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech, and blood circulation | muscle tissue |
| is vascular tissue involved with maintaining posture, pumping blood, and is an important source of body heat | muscle tissue |
| tissue type that becomes specialized in adults | muscle tissue |
| tissue type that lack capacity to regenerate to some extent | muscle tissue |
| three types of muscle tissue | skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
| voluntary striated muscle tissue | skeletal |
| involuntary striated muscle tissue | cardiac |
| multinucleated muscle tissue | skeletal |
| mononucleated striated muscle tissue | cardiac |
| mononucleated nonstriated muscle tissue | smooth |
| muscle tissue with long cylindrical cells | skeletal |
| muscle tissue where cells fuse end to end | cardiac |
| muscle tissue with intercalated discs | cardiac |
| muscle tissue attached to bones or skin | skeletal |
| muscle tissue located in walls of heart | cardiac |
| muscle tissue with spindle-shaped cells | smooth |
| muscle tissue with a central nucleus | smooth |
| muscle tissue located in the walls of hollow organs | smooth |
| cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body | gland |
| Composed of epithelial tissue in a connective tissue framework and capsule | gland |
| May produce product that it synthesizes (digestive enzymes) or products that it removes from tissues and modifies (urine) | gland |
| product useful to the body produced by glands | secretion |
| waste product removed from tissues by glands | excretion |
| secrete their products (eg. excluding hormones) into ducts which lead directly into the external environment | exocrine glands |
| secrete their products (ie hormones) directly into bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrine) that have local effect | endocrine glands |
| cell + contents released | holocrine gland |
| form secretory product & release it | merocrine gland |
| part of cell pinches off to form the secretion | apocrine gland |
| produce and secrete a non- viscous, thin watery fluid | serous gland |
| secrete mucin (glycoprotein) | mucous gland |
| mucin + water = | mucus (sticky secretion) |
| unicellular mucous glands | goblet cells |
| contain serous + mucus cells | mixed glands |
| cells that produce a mixture of two secretions | mixed glands |
| Release whole cells, sperm and egg cells | cytogenic glands |
| have vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis | Merocrine glands (eccrine glands) |
| also primarily use a merocrine mode of secretion | apocrine glands |
| cells accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates | holocrine glands |
| Secretion of a mixture of cell fragments and synthesized substance | holocrine glands |
| organs which have both endocrine and exocrine functions | Liver, gonads, pancreas |
| glands found in epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory | unicellular glands |
| Mucus-secreting goblet or endocrine cells of stomach and small intestine | examples of unicellular glands |
| unicellular glands can be... | endocrine or exocrine |
| thin sheets of tissue that cover the body, line body cavities, and cover organs within the cavities in hollow organs | body membranes |
| organs which have both endocrine and exocrine functions | Liver, gonads, pancreas |
| glands found in epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory | unicellular glands |
| these glands can be endocrine or exocrine | unicellular glands |
| Mucus-secreting goblet or endocrine cells of stomach and small intestine | examples of unicellular glands |
| consist of epithelial tissue and the connective tissue to which it is attached | Epithelial tissue membranes |
| examples of epithelial tissue membranes | a) mucous membranes b) serous membranes c) cutaneous membranes |
| contain only connective tissue | connective tissue membranes |
| examples of connective tissue membranes | a) Synovial membranes b) meninges |
| lines passages that open to the external environment | mucosa (mucous membranes) |
| mucosa membranes line these | Digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts |
| of mucosa, may be absorptive, ciliated, or other cell types | the epithelium |
| of mucosa, areolar connective tissue | lamina propria |
| of mucosa, the smooth muscle layer | Muscularis mucosae |
| membrane which has absorptive, secretory, and protective functions | mucosa |
| in mucosa, these cells produce mucus | goblet cells |
| lines body cavities that do not open directly to the outside | serous membranes (serosa) |
| Covers organs and lines walls of body cavities | serosa |
| membrane type of which endothelium lines blood vessels and heart | serosa |
| membrane type of which mesothelium lines body cavities (pericardium, peritoneum, and pleura) | serosa |
| simple squamous epithelium resting on a layer of areolar tissue | serosa |
| Epithelium secretes serous fluid that arises from blood | serosa |
| Serous fluid lubricates membranes and reduces friction and abrasion when organs in cavities move against each other or the cavity wall | serosa |
| largest membrane in the body | cutaneous membrane (the skin) |
| Stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) resting on a layer of connective tissue (dermis) | cutaneous membrane (skin) |
| has a relatively dry layer that serves a protective function | cutaneous membrane |
| line the cavities of freely movable joints eg shoulder, elbow, and knee | synovial membranes |
| connective tissue membrane with no layer of epithelium | synovial membrane |
| secrete synovial fluid which lubricates cartilage on ends of bones | synovial membrane |
| composed of Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater | meninges |
| covering brain and spinal cord | meninges |
| Increase in the number of cells or the existing cells grow larger | tissue growth |
| tissue growth through cell multiplication | hyperplasia |
| enlargement of preexisting cells | hypertrophy |
| examples of hypertrophy | Muscle growth through exercise; Accumulation of body fat |
| development of a tumor (neoplasm) | neoplasia |
| can be benign or malignant; composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue | neoplasia |
| Tissues can change types, but only... | within certain limits |
| Unspecialized tissues of embryo become specialized mature types | differentiation |
| Changing from one type of mature tissue to another | metaplasia |
| undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function | stem cells |
| Have potential to differentiate into one or more types of mature functional cells | stem cells |
| diversity of mature cell types to which stem cells can give rise | Developmental plasticity |
| two types of embryonic stem cells | totipotent, pluripotent |
| type of embryonic stem cell, has potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell | totipotent |
| type of embryonic stem cell, can develop into any type of cell in the embryo | pluripotent |
| undifferentiated cells in tissues of adults | adult stem cells |
| types of adult stem cells | multipotent, unipotent |
| type of adult stem cell, example: bone marrow producing several blood cell types | multipotent |
| type of adult stem cell, most limited plasticity; example: only epidermal cells produced | unipotent |
| Process of restoration and function of tissue after injury | tissue repair |
| tissue repair occurs in two ways | regeneration; fibrosis (scarring) |
| replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before, restores normal function | regeneration of injured tissue |
| Replacement with scar tissue by CT; does not restore normal function | fibrosis (scarring) |
| cells with a continuous capacity to regenerate | epithelial tissue cells |
| bone (connective tissue) can regenerate... | rapidly |
| cartilage (connective tissue) can regenerate... | but less rapidly than bone |
| tissue type with poor capacity for regeneration | muscle tissue |
| muscle tissue type that can regenerate, but not rapidly | skeletal muscle |
| muscle tissue type that cannot regenerate, lacking satellite cells | cardiac muscle |
| muscle tissue type with proliferation but slower than epithelial cells | smooth muscle |
| tissue type with the poorest capacity for renewal | nervous tissue |
| three stages of regenerative tissue repair | inflammation, granulation, regeneration |
| tissue repair, during inflammation | Pain, swelling, redness, heat; Local vasodilation; Severed blood vessels bleed into cut; Mast cells & damaged cells release histamine; Increases blood flow to area; Makes capillaries more permeable |
| during tissue repair, blood plasma seeps into wound carrying | Antibodies, blood cells; Clotting proteins – clot forms (Inhibits spread of pathogens to healthy tissue) |
| during tissue repair, scab formation offers... | temporary protection |
| during tissue repair, macrophages phagocytize and digest | tissue debris |
| Granulation tissue forms, replacing clot | during granulation stage of tissue repair |
| New capillaries sprout from nearby vessels and grow into wound | durring granulation stage of tissue repair |
| Deeper portions of the wound become infiltrated by capillaries & fibroblasts | during granulation stage of tissue repair |
| begins 3-4 days after an injury and lasts up to 2 weeks | granulation stage of tissue repair |
| Surface epithelial cells around wound multiply and migrate into wound area beneath scab | during regeneration stage of tissue repair |
| Epithelium regenerates under scab | during regeneration stage of tissue repair |
| Connective tissue undergoes fibrosis, though scar tissue may or may not show through epithelium | during regeneration stage of tissue repair |
| Remodeling (maturation) phase begins several weeks after injury and may last up to 2 years | during regeneration stage of tissue repair |
| scarring occurs... | In extensive tissue damage |
| Both parenchymal cells and CT are active | during scarring |
| Occurs when fibroblasts are active | scarring |
| Results in formation of new connective tissue | scarring |
| another name for scar formation | fibrosis |
| examples of labile tissues | bone marrow, kidneys, GI epithelium |
| tissues in which cells are continuously dividing | labile tissues |
| these tissues easily regenerate after injury | labile tissues |
| these tissues contain a pool of stem cells | labile tissues |
| examples of stable tissues | Liver, kidneys, pancreas |
| these tissues have cells with a limited ability to divide and regenerate (except liver) | stable tissues |
| examples of permanent tissues | Neurons, cardiac muscle |
| these tissues have cells which cannot proliferate | permanent tissues |
| these tissues cannot regenerate (so injury always leads to scar) | permanent tissues |
| a way in which cardiac tissue can regenerate | stem cell migrate to heart from blood |
| shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number | atrophy |
| Senile atrophy occurs through | normal aging |
| Disuse atrophy occurs from | lack of use |
| premature, pathological death of tissue due to trauma, toxins, or infections | necrosis |
| sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off | infarction |
| tissue necrosis due to insufficient blood supply | gangrene |
| bed sore or pressure sore | decubitus ulcer |
| anaerobic bacterial infection that causes tissue necrosis | gas gangrene |
| programmed cell death | apoptosis |
| Normal death of cells that have completed their function and best serve the body by dying and getting out of the way | apoptosis |
| what happens to cell remnants after apoptosis | Phagocytized by macrophages and other cells |
| number of cells that die by apoptosis | billions |
| apoptosis can occur because... | Every cell has a built-in “suicide program” |
| Extracellular suicide signal binds receptor protein in the plasma membrane called... | Fas |
| Fas activates enzymes | endonuclease chops up DNA and protease destroys proteins |
| artificial production of tissues and organs in the lab for implantation in the human body | tissue engineering |
| Framework of collagen or biodegradable polyester fibers are seeded with human cells and grown in a 'bioreactor' (like a mouse) | process of tissue engineering |
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