chapter ten Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
The central nervous system (CNS)consists of | brain and spinal cord |
The Peripheral nervous system consists of how many cranial nerves | 12 |
The PNS consists of how many spinal nerves | 31 |
Name the two catagories of cells of the nervous system | Neurons and Neuroglia |
How many neuroglia cells are in each neuron | about 50 |
Name two functions of the nervous system | to organize information and initate appropriate responses |
The anatomical divisions of the nervous system are | central and peripheral |
What purpose do neurons serve | to transmit impulses |
Name three things that support the neuroglia | Oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal, astrocytes |
Oligodendrocytes do what | produce mylelin in the spinal cord |
What is the purpose of microglia | to move and phagocytize pathogen and damaged tissue |
Ependymal cells do what | line ventricles of the brain and secrete cerebrospinal fluid |
In the neuroglia what provides structural support | astrocytes |
Astrocytes wrap around capillaries to contrubuite to | BBB (blood brain barrier) |
Capillaries in the CNS are less permeable because | they are supported by astrocytes |
_____________ cells are in the peripheal nervous system | Schwann |
The cell membrane of the Schwann cells is made mostly of | phospholipids |
What is another name for neurofibril nodes | Nodes of Ranvier |
Nerve transmission is sped up by | saltatory conduction |
In the neurilemma of the Schwann cells a pathway is created to | regenerate peripheral nerves |
This is a neuron fiber covering and is for which cells | Schwann |
What is a function of sensory neurons | send impulses TO the CNS |
What is another name for Afferent neurons | sensory neurons |
These receptors are located in the skin, skeletal muscles and joints | Somatic |
Name the two types of sensory receptors | viseral and somatic |
Efferent neurons do what | receive inpulsed FROM the CNS |
Somatic neurons effect which muscles | skeletal |
What muscles are effected by viseral neurons | smooth and cardiac |
Viseral neurons also effect ________ | glands |
Give another name for motor neurons | efferent neurons |
Name two structures affected by efferent neurons | muscles or glands |
Interneurons __________ CNS neurons together | connect |
____________ are found only in the central nervous system | inter neurons |
Sensory neurons are connected to motor neurons by ___________________ | inter neurons |
These neurons make up 90% of the bodys neurons | inter neurons |
What is another name for a cell body | soma |
A cell body contains the nucleus and __________ | organelles |
Dendrites do what | send impulses TOWARD the cell body |
Which nerve fiber sends impulses away from the cell body | Axon |
Which type of neuron has multiple dendrites | multi polar |
When at rest a neuron is said to be | polarized |
A polarized neuron has more _____ on the inside | K+ (potassium) |
There is more sodium on the ________ of a polarized neuron | outside |
A polarized neuron has a ______ charge on the inside and a ______ charge on the outside | negative, positive |
In ______ _______ depolarization is followed by repolarization | Action potential |
During depolarization a neuron travels down the neuron fiber in _____ direction | one |
What channels open during repolarization allowing potassium to rush in restoring a net charge | potassium |
During the _________ period the neuron will not send another inpulse | refractory |
Action potential can happen hundreds of times per ________ | second |
The neuron will/will not send another inpulse during this stage | will not |
Where is the only place myelinated fibers can depolarize | at nodes of Ranvier |
What is the velocity of nerve transmission in myelinated fibers | 120 meters per second |
Name the space between the axon and dendrite | synapse |
The terminal at the end of the presynaptic axon is called ___________ | synaptic knob |
The synaptic knob releases neurotransmitters by __________ | extocytosis |
Chemicals that inhibit or excite a neuron in a synapse are called__________ | neurotransmitters |
Neurotransmitters do what to receptors on the post synaptic neuron | attach |
Name the most common neurotransmitter | acetylcholine (ACh) |
Name three chemicals released by neurotransmitters | serotonin, dopamine, gluamate |
An inactivatior is an emzyme that activates/deactivates a neurotransmitter | deactivates |
Reabsorption of a neurotransmitter back into a neuron that released it is called | re uptake |
Reuptake occurs in how many directions | one |
The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and the _________ | PNS (PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM) |
The______ ______ extends from the foramen magnum to about L1-L2 | spinal cord |
Meninges and __________ __________ extend beyond the to the sacrum | cauda equina |
The inner part of the spinal cord is called | gray matter |
________ matter is the outer part of the spinal cord | white |
White matter consists of _________ nerve_______ | myelinated , fibers |
There are ___ ____ per spinal nerve | two, roots |
Afferent fibers in the dorsal root are _______ | sensory |
Name the posterior nerve | dorsal |
A ventral nerve is _______ | anterior |
Efferent fibers are in the _______ root | ventral |
Meninges are connective tissue membranes that cover the _______ and _______ _______ | brain, spinal cord |
Name the three layers of the meninges | dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater |
Web like strands that connect to pia mater are called | Arachnoid mater |
Dura mater lines the cranium and ______ ______ | vertebral canal |
______ _______ covers and contacts the brain and spinal cord | pia mater |
Subarachnoid space is between the ______ mater and ____________ mater | pia, arachnoid |
Inflammation of the meninges is called | meningitis |
Bundles of functionally related fibers in the spinal cord are called ________ or tracts | fasciculi |
_________ fasciculi carry impulses up the spinal cord to the brain | ascending |
Descending _______carry impulses down the spinal cord | fasciculi |
Ascending fasciculi are always _______ impulses | sensory |
___________ fasciculi are always motor impulses | descending |
The spinal nerves are named according to the vertebra _______ | below |
The nerve between C7 and T1 called _____ | C8 |
The thoracic _____, sacral and _______ spinal nerves are named according to vertebra above | lumbar, coccygeal |
How many spinal nerves are in the human body | 31 |
The ______ ______ supply various structures in the head and neck | cervical plexus |
Brachial plexus supply the upper/lower extremeties | upper |
Name the largest nerve in the body | sciatic nerve |
Which group of spinal nerves is latin for horse tail | cauda equina |
Spinal cord______ do not depend on the brain | reflexes |
________ ________ involve stimulation of a skeletal muscle | somatic reflexes |
Reflexes are ___________ responses to a stimulus | involuntary |
The 5 parts of a reflex arc are receptors, _____, sensory neurons, motor _____ and ______ | CNS, neurons, effectors |
Flexor reflexes are also called _________ | withdrawl reflexes |
What are righting reflexes used for | catching yourself from falling |
Name two of the four major divisons of the brain | cerebrum, brain stem, diencephalon, cerebellum |
The four cavities of the brain are ___________________ | 2 lateral ventricles, third ventricle,fourth ventricle |
The fourth ventricle is located between the _______ and the _________ | cerebellum, mid brain |
Ventricles of the brain contain _______________ | CSF (cerebreal spinal fluid) |
Cerebral spinal fluid has ________________ functions | three |
Which part of the brain removes waste products | CSF |
Name the functions of CSF | bring nutrients to CNS, remove waste, cushion the brain |
The brainstem includes | Midbrain, pons, medulla |
What reflexes are in the midbrain | visual, auditory, righting |
The _______ serves as a relay center | midbrain |
Another name for the medulla is ____________ | medulla oblongata |
Which part of the medulla regulates blood pressure | Vasomotor center |
Coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting are all reflex centers of the ___________ | medulla |
The hypothalamus is ______to thalamus and ________to pituitary gland | inferior, superior |
Which part of the diencephalon is lateral to the 3rd ventricle | thalamus |
Superior to the hypothalamus is the | thalamus |
The thalamus allows __________without distraction | concentration |
The ___________ produces hormones | hypothalamus |
The thalamus/hypothalamus is involved in emotional responses | hypothalamus |
The cerebral cortex is made of | white matter |
The largest part of the brain is the ________ | cerebrum |
The longitudeinal fissure divides the cerebrum into front and back hemispheres True/False | false Right/Left |
What is another name for gray matter | basal nuclei or basal ganglia |
The frontal lobes control motor function True/False | true |
Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and __________ are areas of the cerebum | insula |
The ________lobe controls governs proprioception(Awareness of body parts in relation to each other) | parietal |
Name the two types of parietal lobes | superior / lateral |
Parietal lobes control ________sensory areas | general |
_________ lobes control visual information | Occipital |
Cranial nerves contain _____ pairs of __________ nerves | 12, peripheral |
The ___________ nerve controls smell | olfactory CNI |
CNII, the optic nerve is made up of __________ from the retina | neurons |
Another name for the Acoustic nerve is | Vestibulocochlear |
Hearing and balance is controlled by the _______ | CNVIII (Vestibulocochlear) |
Vagus nerve supplies what | internal organs of the ventral cavity |
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