chapter 10 nervous Word Scramble
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Term | Definition |
CNS | central nervous system |
PNS | peripheral nervous system |
nervous system | uses electrical signals to transmit messages very quickly |
central nervous system | consists of the brain and spinal cord |
peripheral nervous system | consists of the vast network of nerves throughout the body |
afferent | sensory nerves |
efferent | motor nerves |
somatic division | voluntary |
autonomic division | involuntary |
sympathetic | fight or flight |
parasympathetic | rest & digest |
somatic division (voluntary) | skeletal muscle |
sympathetic & parasympathetic | cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands |
neurons | nerve cells |
neurons | transmit impulses |
neuroglia | support cells of the nervous system |
oligodendrocytes | produce myelin in the nervous system |
microglia | move and phagocytize pathogens and damaged tissues |
ependymal cells | secrete cerebrospinal fluid |
astrocytes | wrap around capillaries to contribute to the blood brain barrier |
astrocytes | prevent harmful substances from entering while allowing nutrients in |
astrocytes | make capillaries in the CNS less permeable |
Schwann cells | form the myelin sheath |
Schwann cells | used for electrical insulation |
nodes of Ranvier | the spaces between the Schwann cells |
nodes of Ranvier | speed up nerve transmission by saltatory conduction |
sensory neurons | send impulses to the CNS |
sensory neurons | receive information from receptors |
somatic receptor | skin,skeletal muscle and joints |
visceral receptors | internal organs |
motor neurons | receive impulses from the CNS |
motor neurons | sends instructions to the effector |
effectors | structures effected by efferent neuron |
somatic neuron | effect skeletal muscle |
visceral neurons | effect smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands |
interneurons | connect CNS neurons together |
interneurons | found only in the CNS |
interneurons | connect sensory neurons and motor neurons |
interneurons | create connections in the brain to make all our neurological processes possible |
interneurons | make up 90% of the body's neurons |
nerve fibers | processes of a neuron |
soma | cell body |
dendrites | send impulses toward the cell body |
axons | send impulses away from the body |
axons | branch at the far end and each branch ends as a synaptic knob |
multipolar | have multiple dendrites and one axon off the cell body |
bipolar | have one axon and one dendrite of of the cell body which each have multiple extensions |
bipolar neurons | found in the olfactory nerve and retina |
pseudounipolar | have one branch off of each cell body |
nerve impulse | electrochemical signal carried by the nerve |
action potential | depolarized followed by repolarization |
depolarization | reversal of the charges |
depolarization | travels down the neuron fiber in one direction |
repolarization | K+ channels open and K+ rushes out thus restoring the net charge |
refractory period | stage when neurons will not send another impulse |
saltatory conduction | myelinated fibers only depolarized at nodes of Ranvier |
synapse | space between the axon of one neuron and dendrite or cell body of another |
synaptic knob | the terminal end of the presynaptic axon |
neurotransmitters | chemicals that excite or inhibit a neuron in a synapse |
inactivator | enzyme that deactivates neurotransmitters by changing its shape to stop the impulse until needed again |
reuptake | reabsorption od neurotransmitter back into neuron that released it |
synapse | only happens in one direction |
spinal cord | located in the spinal canal, transmits signals between the brain and PNS |
spinal cord | extends from the foramen magnum to about L-1 to L-2 |
gray matter | inner part of spinal cord |
gray matter | unmyelinated interneurons and cell bodies of motor neurons |
white matter | outer part of spinal cord |
white matter | myelinated nerve fibers |
spinal cord | has 2 roots per spinal nerve |
dorsal root | posterior,afferent fibers and dorsal root ganglia |
ventral root | anterior, efferent fibers |
meninges | connective tissue membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord |
dura mater | lines the cranium and vertebral canal |
arachnoid mater | web-like strands that connect to pia mater |
pia mater | covers the brain and cord |
meningitis | inflammation of the meninges usually from a viral or bacterial infection |
tracts | bundles of functionally related fibers |
ascending tracts | carry impulses up the cord to the brain, sensory |
descending tracts | carry impulses down the cord from the brain, motor |
nerves | groups of fascicle and blood vessels enclosed in a connective tissue sheath |
sensory nerves | only afferent neurons |
motor nerves | only efferent neurons |
mixed nerves | both sensory and motor neurons |
spinal nerves | nerves from the cord to the periphery |
cervical plexus | network from the upper cervical nerves |
cervical plexus | supplies various structures in the head and neck |
brachial plexus | network from the lower cervical nerves |
brachial plexus | supplies the upper extremities |
lumbar and sacral plexi | supply various structures in the pelvis and the entire lower extremities |
sciatic nerve | largest nerve in the body |
cauda equina | continuation of spinal nerves beyond the spinal cord |
reflex | involuntary response to a stimulus |
receptors | detects a stimulus and generate an impulse |
sensory neurons | transmit impulse to CNS |
CNS | interprets the impulse and redirects it |
effector | performs the action |
flexor reflexes | cause flexion of a joint when stimulated. e.g. pain, visual, or auditory reflexes |
righting reflexes | catching yourself from a fall |
4 divisions of the brain | cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem |
ventricles | 4 cavities with in the brain |
cerebrospinal fluid | brings nutrients to the CNS |
cerebrospinal fluid | absorbed back into the blood in the dural venous sinuses in arachnoid villi |
hydroencephaly | higher rate of productions of CSF that absorption |
cerebrospinal fluid | can leak into the nasal cavity with head injuries, tastes sweet |
brainstem includes | midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata |
midbrain | encloses cerebral aqueduct and is the relay center |
midbrain | reflexes include visual, auditory and righting |
medulla oblongata | vital functions such as cardiac center, vasomotor center and respiratory center |
medulla | reflexes coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting |
pons | superior to the medulla |
pons | 2 respiratory centers that work with the medulla to produce normal breathing rhythm |
cerebellum | all functions concerned with movement, alcohol inhibits this part of the brain |
diencephalon | where the thalamus and hypothalamus |
thalamus | gateway for sensation except smell |
hypothalamus | controls involuntary part of our nervous system |
hypothalamus | produces horomones, involved in emotional responses |
cerebrum | 2 hemispheres, several lobes, connected by corpus collosum |
cerebral cortex | surface of cerebrum, made up of gray matter |
white matter | internal to gray matter, made up of myelinated fibers that connect parts of the brain to other parts of the brain or NS |
gyri | folds in the brain (deep) |
sulci | small grooves between gyro (shallow) |
fissure | deep grooves, seperate lobes and hemispheres |
frontal lobes | motor areas, contralateral voluntary movement |
parietal lobes | general sensory areas, impulses from contralateral sensory organs in skin, muscles, tendons,and ligaments |
temporal lobes | sensory areas, interprets hearing, smell, learning, memory and visual recognition |
occipital lobes | visual areas, interprets input from our eyes |
basal ganglia | paired masses of gray matter within the cerebral hemisphere |
corpus collasum | band millions of fibers that connect hemispheres |
cranial nerves | 12 pairs or peripheral nerves that emerge from the brain |
cranial nerves | ALWAYS peripheral |
CN 1 | olfactory nerve |
olfactory nerve | smell |
CN 2 | optic nerve |
optic nerve | vision, made up of neurons from the retina |
CN 8 | vestibulocochlear nerve |
vestibulocochlear nerve | acoustic nerve, hearing and balance |
CN 10 | vagus nerve |
vagus nerve | supplies internal organs of ventral cavity |
somatic nervous system | voluntary component that innervates skeletal muscle |
autonomotic nervous system | involuntary component made up of visceral motor neurons that supply effectors |
sympathetic division | thoracolumbar division |
thoracolumbar division | fight or flight response |
parasympathetic division | craniosacral division |
craniosacral division | rest and digest nervous system |
Created by:
stephanierule
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