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chapter 10 nervous
Nervous system
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| CNS | central nervous system |
| PNS | peripheral nervous system |
| nervous system | uses electrical signals to transmit messages very quickly |
| central nervous system | consists of the brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | consists of the vast network of nerves throughout the body |
| afferent | sensory nerves |
| efferent | motor nerves |
| somatic division | voluntary |
| autonomic division | involuntary |
| sympathetic | fight or flight |
| parasympathetic | rest & digest |
| somatic division (voluntary) | skeletal muscle |
| sympathetic & parasympathetic | cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands |
| neurons | nerve cells |
| neurons | transmit impulses |
| neuroglia | support cells of the nervous system |
| oligodendrocytes | produce myelin in the nervous system |
| microglia | move and phagocytize pathogens and damaged tissues |
| ependymal cells | secrete cerebrospinal fluid |
| astrocytes | wrap around capillaries to contribute to the blood brain barrier |
| astrocytes | prevent harmful substances from entering while allowing nutrients in |
| astrocytes | make capillaries in the CNS less permeable |
| Schwann cells | form the myelin sheath |
| Schwann cells | used for electrical insulation |
| nodes of Ranvier | the spaces between the Schwann cells |
| nodes of Ranvier | speed up nerve transmission by saltatory conduction |
| sensory neurons | send impulses to the CNS |
| sensory neurons | receive information from receptors |
| somatic receptor | skin,skeletal muscle and joints |
| visceral receptors | internal organs |
| motor neurons | receive impulses from the CNS |
| motor neurons | sends instructions to the effector |
| effectors | structures effected by efferent neuron |
| somatic neuron | effect skeletal muscle |
| visceral neurons | effect smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands |
| interneurons | connect CNS neurons together |
| interneurons | found only in the CNS |
| interneurons | connect sensory neurons and motor neurons |
| interneurons | create connections in the brain to make all our neurological processes possible |
| interneurons | make up 90% of the body's neurons |
| nerve fibers | processes of a neuron |
| soma | cell body |
| dendrites | send impulses toward the cell body |
| axons | send impulses away from the body |
| axons | branch at the far end and each branch ends as a synaptic knob |
| multipolar | have multiple dendrites and one axon off the cell body |
| bipolar | have one axon and one dendrite of of the cell body which each have multiple extensions |
| bipolar neurons | found in the olfactory nerve and retina |
| pseudounipolar | have one branch off of each cell body |
| nerve impulse | electrochemical signal carried by the nerve |
| action potential | depolarized followed by repolarization |
| depolarization | reversal of the charges |
| depolarization | travels down the neuron fiber in one direction |
| repolarization | K+ channels open and K+ rushes out thus restoring the net charge |
| refractory period | stage when neurons will not send another impulse |
| saltatory conduction | myelinated fibers only depolarized at nodes of Ranvier |
| synapse | space between the axon of one neuron and dendrite or cell body of another |
| synaptic knob | the terminal end of the presynaptic axon |
| neurotransmitters | chemicals that excite or inhibit a neuron in a synapse |
| inactivator | enzyme that deactivates neurotransmitters by changing its shape to stop the impulse until needed again |
| reuptake | reabsorption od neurotransmitter back into neuron that released it |
| synapse | only happens in one direction |
| spinal cord | located in the spinal canal, transmits signals between the brain and PNS |
| spinal cord | extends from the foramen magnum to about L-1 to L-2 |
| gray matter | inner part of spinal cord |
| gray matter | unmyelinated interneurons and cell bodies of motor neurons |
| white matter | outer part of spinal cord |
| white matter | myelinated nerve fibers |
| spinal cord | has 2 roots per spinal nerve |
| dorsal root | posterior,afferent fibers and dorsal root ganglia |
| ventral root | anterior, efferent fibers |
| meninges | connective tissue membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord |
| dura mater | lines the cranium and vertebral canal |
| arachnoid mater | web-like strands that connect to pia mater |
| pia mater | covers the brain and cord |
| meningitis | inflammation of the meninges usually from a viral or bacterial infection |
| tracts | bundles of functionally related fibers |
| ascending tracts | carry impulses up the cord to the brain, sensory |
| descending tracts | carry impulses down the cord from the brain, motor |
| nerves | groups of fascicle and blood vessels enclosed in a connective tissue sheath |
| sensory nerves | only afferent neurons |
| motor nerves | only efferent neurons |
| mixed nerves | both sensory and motor neurons |
| spinal nerves | nerves from the cord to the periphery |
| cervical plexus | network from the upper cervical nerves |
| cervical plexus | supplies various structures in the head and neck |
| brachial plexus | network from the lower cervical nerves |
| brachial plexus | supplies the upper extremities |
| lumbar and sacral plexi | supply various structures in the pelvis and the entire lower extremities |
| sciatic nerve | largest nerve in the body |
| cauda equina | continuation of spinal nerves beyond the spinal cord |
| reflex | involuntary response to a stimulus |
| receptors | detects a stimulus and generate an impulse |
| sensory neurons | transmit impulse to CNS |
| CNS | interprets the impulse and redirects it |
| effector | performs the action |
| flexor reflexes | cause flexion of a joint when stimulated. e.g. pain, visual, or auditory reflexes |
| righting reflexes | catching yourself from a fall |
| 4 divisions of the brain | cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem |
| ventricles | 4 cavities with in the brain |
| cerebrospinal fluid | brings nutrients to the CNS |
| cerebrospinal fluid | absorbed back into the blood in the dural venous sinuses in arachnoid villi |
| hydroencephaly | higher rate of productions of CSF that absorption |
| cerebrospinal fluid | can leak into the nasal cavity with head injuries, tastes sweet |
| brainstem includes | midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata |
| midbrain | encloses cerebral aqueduct and is the relay center |
| midbrain | reflexes include visual, auditory and righting |
| medulla oblongata | vital functions such as cardiac center, vasomotor center and respiratory center |
| medulla | reflexes coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting |
| pons | superior to the medulla |
| pons | 2 respiratory centers that work with the medulla to produce normal breathing rhythm |
| cerebellum | all functions concerned with movement, alcohol inhibits this part of the brain |
| diencephalon | where the thalamus and hypothalamus |
| thalamus | gateway for sensation except smell |
| hypothalamus | controls involuntary part of our nervous system |
| hypothalamus | produces horomones, involved in emotional responses |
| cerebrum | 2 hemispheres, several lobes, connected by corpus collosum |
| cerebral cortex | surface of cerebrum, made up of gray matter |
| white matter | internal to gray matter, made up of myelinated fibers that connect parts of the brain to other parts of the brain or NS |
| gyri | folds in the brain (deep) |
| sulci | small grooves between gyro (shallow) |
| fissure | deep grooves, seperate lobes and hemispheres |
| frontal lobes | motor areas, contralateral voluntary movement |
| parietal lobes | general sensory areas, impulses from contralateral sensory organs in skin, muscles, tendons,and ligaments |
| temporal lobes | sensory areas, interprets hearing, smell, learning, memory and visual recognition |
| occipital lobes | visual areas, interprets input from our eyes |
| basal ganglia | paired masses of gray matter within the cerebral hemisphere |
| corpus collasum | band millions of fibers that connect hemispheres |
| cranial nerves | 12 pairs or peripheral nerves that emerge from the brain |
| cranial nerves | ALWAYS peripheral |
| CN 1 | olfactory nerve |
| olfactory nerve | smell |
| CN 2 | optic nerve |
| optic nerve | vision, made up of neurons from the retina |
| CN 8 | vestibulocochlear nerve |
| vestibulocochlear nerve | acoustic nerve, hearing and balance |
| CN 10 | vagus nerve |
| vagus nerve | supplies internal organs of ventral cavity |
| somatic nervous system | voluntary component that innervates skeletal muscle |
| autonomotic nervous system | involuntary component made up of visceral motor neurons that supply effectors |
| sympathetic division | thoracolumbar division |
| thoracolumbar division | fight or flight response |
| parasympathetic division | craniosacral division |
| craniosacral division | rest and digest nervous system |
Created by:
stephanierule
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