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BIO202 - Ch 22 - Breathing - Marieb/Hoehn - RioSalado - AZ

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Question
Answer
Intrapleural pressure (Pip)   Pressure in pleural cavity - always 4mm Hg less than (negative relative to) intrapulmonary pressure (intra-alveolar).  
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Respiratory pressures are descrbed relative to __.   atmospheric pressure (Patm) - exterted by air surrounding body.  
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At sea level, Patm = __   760 mm Hg = 1 atm  
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What 2 forces act to pull lungs away from thorax wall & cause lung collapse?   Lungs' elasticity & surface tension of alveolar fluid.  
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If Pip equalized w/atmospheric pressure __.   immediate lung collapse is the result.  
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Transpulmonary pressure   Ppul - Pip  
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The greater the __ pressure, the larger the lungs.   transpulmonary  
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Atelectasis   Lung collapse - occurs when bronchiole becomes plugged - also when air enters pleural cavity.  
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P1V1-P2V2   Boyle's law  
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Usual volume of air that enters lungs during normal inspiration.   500ml  
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Anytime intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul) is less than atmospheric (Ppul <Patm), ____.   air rushes into lungs  
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Which muscles produce forced expiration?   Ab oblique & transversus & internal intercostals.  
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The major nonelastic source of resistance to gas flow is __.   friction (drag) encountered in respiratory passageways.  
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As thoracic volume increases, pulmonary pressure & intrapleural pressure __.   decrease  
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The average pressure gradient during normal, quiet breathing is __ or less.   2 mm Hg  
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The greatest resistance to gas flow in lungs is __.   in the medium-sized bronchi  
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At the __ gas flow stops & diffusion takes over, so no air resistance.   terminal bronchioles  
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Inhaled irritant activate constriction of the bronchioles due to the __ NS.   parasympathetic  
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Surfacant   detergent-like comlex of lipids & proteins produced by type II alveolar cells - decreases the cohesiveness of water molecules.  
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IRDS - Infant respiratory distress syndrome.   In babies, born & not able to keep their alveoli inflated between breaths.  
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Bronchopulmonary dysplasia   Chronic lung disease - caused by inflammatory injury to respiratory zone structures due to respirator.  
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lung compliance   How much change in lung volvume (^Vl) during breath - how stretchy lung tissue is.  
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The more a lung expands, the greater its __.   lung compliance  
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Healthy people have __ lung compliance.   high  
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pneumothorax   "Collapsed lung" - air enters the pleural cavity - The cavity is normally below atmospheric pressure.  
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The pleural cavity is normally __ atmospheric pressure.   below  
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Tidal volume (TV)   Volume of air, about 500 ML (2 cups) that enters or leaves lungs in normal breath.  
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Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)   When forcibly inhaling - 2100 - 3200 ml of air.  
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expiratory reserve volume (ERV)   When forcibly exhaling 1000 - 1200 ml of air.  
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Vital capacity (VC)   Max volume of air moved in 1 cycle - 4800 man, 3800 woman  
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residual volume (RV)   air left over in lungs after exhalation - about 1200 ml  
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"External" phase of respiration   Move oxygen from alveoli into blood & CO2 in the opposite direction.  
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"Internal" phase of respiration   Oxygen moves from the blood into tissues, & CO2 moves from tissues & into blood  
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Alveoli's respriatory membrane   The wall is single layer of epithelial cells - lung capillaries hug them, this basement membrane - gas exhanges easily  
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The 4 respiratory volumes   Tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, & residual  
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Total lung capacity (TLC)   around 6,000 ml  
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Spirometer   Clinical measuring device for respiratory function  
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Minute ventilation   Amount of gas that flows in or out of lungs in 1 minute - 6 L/min - exercise = 200 L/min  
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Nitrogen makes up __% of air & oxygen __%   79%, 21%  
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Dalton's Law of partial pressures   Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases  
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Henry's Law   Gases dissolve in liquid in proportion to its partial pressure  
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__ is the most soluble gas in air.   CO2  
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Hyperbaric oxygen chambers is clinical application of __ law.   Henry's  
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Too much O2 above 2-3 atm causes __.   coma & death - oxygen toxicity  
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