APUSH Unit 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| What was the primary reason for the spectacular growth of America's population in the 18th century? | The natural fertility of the population
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| German settlement in the colonies was especially heavy in... | Pennsylvania
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| The Scots-Irish eventually became concentrated especially in... | The frontier areas
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| True or false: Compared with the 17th century, American colonial society in the 18th century showed smaller gaps in wealth and status between rich and poor. | False. They showed wider gaps.
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| The most honored profession in colonial America was the... | Clergyman
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| The primary source of livelihood for most colonial Americans was... | Agriculture
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| What experience did Indians and African Americans have in common in the colonies? | Creating new cultures and societies out of the mingling of diverse ethnic groups
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| An unfortunate group of involuntary immigrants who ranked even below indentured servants on the American social scale | Convicts and paupers
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| The "triangular trade" involved the sale of rum, molasses, and slaves among what ports? | New England, Africa, and the West Indies
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| What did colonial merchants do in response to the passage of British restrictions on trade? | Found ways to smuggle and otherwise evade the law by trading with other countries
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| Besides offering rest and refreshment, colonial taverns served an important function as centers of... | News and political opinion
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| Why did the Anglican Church suffer in colonial America? | Its poorly qualified clergy and close ties with British authorities
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| What two denominations were considered "established" churches in the colonies? | Anglicans and Congregationalists
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| What was the most important result of the Great Awakening? | It broke down sectional boundaries and created a greater sense of common American identity.
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| What was the primary weapon used by colonial legislatures in their conflicts with royal governors? | Using their power of the purse to withhold the governor's salary
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| Corruption of a German word used as a term for German immigrants in Pennsylvania | Dutch (Doistch)
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| Ethnic group that had already relocated once before immigrating to America and settling largely on the Western frontier of the middle and southern colonies | Scots-Irish
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| Rebellious movement of frontiersmen in the southern colonies that included future President Andrew Jackson | Regulator Movement
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| Popular term for convicted criminals dumped on colonies by British authorities | Jayle Birds
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| Term for New England settlements where Indians from various tribes were gathered to be Christianized | Praying towns
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| A once-despised profession that rose in prestige after 1750 because its practitioners defended colonial rights | Lawyer
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| Small but profitable trade route that linked New England, Africa, and the West Indies | Triangular trade
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| Popular colonial centers of recreation, gossip, and political debate | Taverns
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| Term for tax-supported condition of Congregational and Anglican churches, but not of Baptists, Quakers, and Roman Catholics | Established
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| Spectacular, emotional religious revival of the 1730s and 1740s | Great Awakening
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| Ministers who supported the Great Awakening | "New light" ministers
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| Ministers who rejected the Great Awakening | "Old light" ministers
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| Institutions that were founded in greater numbers as a result of the Great Awakening, although a few had been founded earlier | Colleges
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| The case that established the precedent that true statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel | Zenger case
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| The upper house of a colonial legislature, appointed by the crown or the proprietor | Council
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| Benjamin Franklin's highly popular collection of information, parables, and advice | Poor Richard's Almanack
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| Itinerant British evangelist who spread the Great Awakening throughout the colonies | George Whitefield
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| Colonial printer whose case helped begin freedom of the press | John Peter Zenger
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| Colonial printer who studied and worked in Britain | John Singleton Copley
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| Leading city of the colonies; home of Benjamin Franklin | Philadelphia
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| Largest non-English group in the colonies | African Americans
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| Dominant religious group in colonial Pennsylvania, criticized by others for their attitudes toward Indians | Quakers
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| Former slave who became a poet at an early age | Phillis Wheatley
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| Scots-Irish frontiersmen who protested against colonial elites of Pennsylvania and North Carolina | Paxton Boys and Regulators
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| Attempt by British authorities to squelch colonial trade with French West Indies | Molasses Act
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| Brilliant New England theologian who instigated the Great Awakening | Jonathan Edwards
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| Group that settled the frontier, made whiskey, and hated the British and other governmental authorities | Scots-Irish
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| Nonestablished religious group that benefited from the Great Awakening | Baptists
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| Author, scientist, printer; "the first civilized American" | Benjamin Franklin
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| Eloquent lawyer-orator who argued in defense of colonial rights | Patrick Henry
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| Established religion in southern colonies and New York; weakened by lackadaisical clergy and too-close ties with British crown | Anglican church
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| What was the effect of the high natural fertility of the colonial population? | Led to the increase of American population to 1/3 of England's in 1775
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| What was the effect of the heavy immigration of Germans, Scots-Irish, Africans, and others into the colonies? | Resulted in the development of a colonial "melting pot," only 1/2 English by 1775
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| What was the result of the large profits made by merchants as military suppliers for imperial wars? | Increased the wealth of the 18th century colonial elite
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| What was the result of American merchants' search for non-British markets? | Was met by British attempts to restrict colonial trade, e.g. the Molasses Act
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| What was the effect of dry over-intellectualism and loss of religious commitment? | Created conditions for the Great Awakening to erupt ion the early 18th century
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| What was the effect of the Great Awakening? | Stimulated a fervent, emotional style of religion, denominational divisions, and a greater sense of inter-colonial American identity
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| What was the effect of the Zenger case? | Marked the beginnings of freedom of printed political expression in the colonies
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| What was the result of the appointment of unpopular or incompetent royal governors to the colonies? | Prompted colonial assemblies to withhold royal governors' salaries
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| What was the result of upper-class fear of "democratic excesses" by poor whites? | Reinforced colonial property qualifications for voting
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| What was the effect of the lack of artistic concerns, cultural tradition, and legislature in the colonies? | Forced the migration of colonial artists to Britain to study and pursue artistic careers
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| True or false: Compared with the English colonies, New France was more democratically governed. | False. New France was more autocratically governed.
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| In what areas did New France do the most expansion? | Along the paths of lakes and rivers
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| Why were colonial Americans unhappy after the peace treaty following the "War of Jenkin's Ear"? | The treaty gave the Louisbourg fortress they had captured back to France.
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| What was the original cause of the French and Indian War? | Competition between French and English colonists for land in the Ohio River Valley
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| The French and Indian War eventually became part of the larger world conflict known as... | The Seven Years' War
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| What was the result of Benjamin Franklin's attempt to create intercolonial unity at the Albany Congress? | Rejection of the congress's proposal for colonial home rule both by London and by the individual colonies
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| The British forces suffered early defeats in the French and Indian War under the overall command of.... | General Braddock
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| Why did William Pitt's strategy in the assault on New France finally succeed? | He concentrated British forces on attacking the vital strong points of Quebec and Montreal.
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| What was the decisive event in the French-British contest for North America? | The British victory in the Battle of Quebec
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| What are two factors that tended to promote intercolonial unity during the French and Indian War? | Common language and wartime experience
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| How did the French and Indian War weaken interior Indian peoples? | It removed their French and Spanish allies from Canada and Florida.
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| What was the effect of Pontiac's attack on frontier outposts after the French and Indian War? | Convincing the British to keep troops stationed in the colonies
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| What did the colonists think about the British Proclamation of 1763? | It angered them because they thought it deprived them of the fruits of victory after the French and Indian War
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| Why did the French and Indian War create conflict between the British and American military? | British officers treated the American colonial militia with contempt.
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| What was the effect on the colonists of the French removal from North America? | It reduced the colonies' reliance on Britain and increased their sense of independence.
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| French Protestants who were granted toleration by the Edict of Nantes in 1598 but not permitted to settle in New France | Huguenots
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| Absolute French monarch who reigned for 72 years | Louis XIV
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| Animal whose pelt provided great profits for the French empire and enhanced European fashion at enormous ecological cost | Beaver
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| French Catholic religious order that explored the North American interior and sought to protect and convert the Indians | Jesuits
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| Far-running, high-living French fur trappers | Coureurs de bois
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| Part of a certain British naval officer's anatomy that set off an imperial war with Spain | Ear
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| Strategic French fortress conquered by New England settlers, handed back to the French, and finally conquered again by the British in 1759 | Louisbourg
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| Inland river territory, scene of fierce competition between the French and land-speculating English colonists | Ohio Valley
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| Bloodiest European theater of the Seven Years' War, where Frederick the Great's troops drained French strength away from North America | Germany
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| Unification effort that Benjamin Franklin nearly led to success by his eloquent leadership and cartoon artistry | Albany Congress
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| Military aide of British General Braddock and defender of the frontier after Braddock's defeat | Washington
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| Fortress boldly assaulted by General Wolfe, spelling doom for New France | Quebec
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| The "buckskin" colonial soldiers whose military success did nothing to alter British officers' contempt | Militia
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| Allies of the French against the British, who continued to fight under Pontiac even after the peace settlement in 1763 | Iroquois (Indians)
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| The larger European struggle of which the French and Indian War was part | Seven Years' War
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| Advocate of colonial unity at a 1754 meeting in upstate New York | Benjamin Franklin
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| British document that aroused colonial anger but failed to stop frontier expansion | Proclamation of 1763
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| French colonists in Nova Scotia brutally uprooted by the victorious British and shipped to Louisiana | Acadians (Cajuns)
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| Conflict that started with the War of Jenkin's Ear and ended with the return of Louisbourg to France | War of Austrian Succession
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| Strategic French outpost at the mouth of the Mississippi | New Orleans
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| Indian leader whose frontier uprising caused the British to attempt to limit colonial expansion | Pontiac
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| Blundering British officer whose defeat gave the advantage to the French and Indians in the early stages of their war | General Braddock
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| The Father of New France, who established a crucial alliance with the Huron Indians | Samuel de Champlain
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| Site of the death of Generals Wolfe and Montcalm, where France's New World empire also perished | Plains of Abraham
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| Strategic French stronghold; later renamed after a great British statesman | Fort Duquesne
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| Militia commander whose frontier skirmish in Pennsylvania touched off a world war | George Washington
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| Site of a meeting that proposed greater unity and home rule among Britain's North American colonies | Albany
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| Conflict that began with George Washington's skirmish in Ohio and ended with the loss of France's North American empire | Seven Years' War
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| French empire builder who explored the Mississippi Basin and named it after his monarch | Robert de la Salle
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| Splendid British orator and organizer of the winning strategy against the French in North America | William Pitt
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| What was the effect of the French fur trade? | Decimated beaver populations while spreading the French empire
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| What was the effect of the four "world wars" between 1688 and 1763? | Were echoed by four small wars between French and British subjects in North America
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| What was the effect of competition for land and furs in the Ohio Valley? | Led to Washington's expedition and battle with the French at Fort Necessity
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| What was the effect of the summoning of the Albany Congress by the British? | Represented the first major attempt at intercolonial unity
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| What was the effect of William Pitt's assumption of control of British government and strategy? | Resulted in decisive French defeat and British domination of North America
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| What was the effect of Wolfe's victory over Montcalm at Quebec? | Ended a string of defeats and turned the French and Indian War in Britain's favor
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| What was the effect of the colonial militia's military success in the French and Indian War? | Increased American military confidence and resentment of British redcoats
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| What was the effect of colonial American smuggling and trading with French enemy? | Increased British government's disdain for colonial Americans and raised doubts about their loyalty to the empire
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| What was the effect of the British issuance of the Proclamation of 1763? | Heightened colonial anger and encouraged illegal westward expansion
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| What was the effect of Braddock's defeat at Fort Duquesne? | Prompted widespread Indian assaults on the weakly defended colonial frontier
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| The British theory of mercantilism, by which the colonies were governed, held that... | The colonial economy should be carefully controlled to serve the mother country's needs
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| What was one of the main ways mercantilism harmed the colonial economy? | Forcing Virginia tobacco planters to sell their product only in Britain
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| Why was the mobilization of "nonimportation" policies against the Stamp Act politically important? | It aroused revolutionary fervor among many ordinary American men and women
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| What was the effect of British officials enforcing the East India Company's tea monopoly and the three-pence tax on tea on the colonists? | They were outraged because they saw it as a trick to undermine their principled resistance to the tax
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| How did the British react to the Boston Tea Party? | Closing the Port of Boston until damages were paid and order restored
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| American colonists especially resented the Townshend Acts because... | The revenues from the taxation would go to support British officials and judges in America
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| Why did the passage of the Quebec Act arouse intense American fears? | It extended Catholic jurisdiction and a non-jury judicial system into the western Ohio country
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| What was the most important action the Continental Congress took to protest the Intolerable Acts? | Forming The Association to impose a complete boycott of all British goods
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| What was the event that precipitated the first real shooting between the British and American colonists? | The British attempt to seize colonial supplies and leaders at Lexington and Concord
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| Who headed the British parliamentary government at the time of the American Revolution? | Lord North
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| The American rebellion was especially dangerous to the British because they were also worried about... | Possible revolts in Ireland and war with France
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| What British political party was generally more sympathetic to the American cause? | The Whig Party
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| One of the advantages the British enjoyed in the impending conflict with the colonies was... | The ability to enlist foreign soldiers, Loyalists, and Native Americans in their military forces
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| One of the advantages the colonists enjoyed in the impending conflict with Britain was... | Fighting defensively on a large, agriculturally self-sufficient continent
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| What side did African Americans generally fight on during the Revolutionary War? | Both the American and British sides
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| The basic economic and political theory by which 17th- and 18th-century European powers governed their overseas colonies | Mercantilism
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| The set of Parliamentary laws, first passed in 1650, that restricted colonial trade and directed it to the benefit of Britain | Navigation Laws
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| The term for products, such as tobacco, that could be shipped only to England and not to foreign markets | Enumerated products
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| Hated British courts in which juries were not allowed and defendants were assumed guilty until proven innocent | Admirality courts
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| British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members | Virtual representation
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| The effective form of organized colonial resistance against the Stamp Act, which made homespun clothing fashionable | Nonimportation agreements
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| The product taxed under the Townshend Acts that generated the greatest colonial resistance | Tea
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| Underground networks of communication and propaganda, established by Samuel Adams, that sustained colonial resistance | Intercolonial Committees of Correspondence
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| Religion that was granted toleration in the trans-Allegheny West by the Quebec Act, arousing deep colonial hostility | Roman Catholicism
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| British political party opposed to Lord North's Tories and generally more sympathetic to the colonial cause | Whigs
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| German mercenaries hired by George III to fight the American revolutionaries | Hessians
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| Paper currency authorized by Congress to finance the Revolution depreciated to near worthlessness | Continental
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| Effective organization created by the First Continental Congress to provide a total, unified boycott of all British goods | The Association
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| Rapidly mobilized colonial militiamen whose refusal to disperse sparked the first battle of the Revolution | Patriots
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| Popular term for British regular troops, scorned as "lobster backs" and "bloody backs" by Bostonians and other colonials | Recoats
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| British minister who raised a storm of protest by passing the Stamp Act | George Grenville
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| Lexington passed in 1765 but repealed the next year, after colonial resistance made it impossible to enforce | Stamp Act
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| Body led by John Adams that issued a Declaration of Rights and organized The Association to boycott all British goods | First Continental Congress
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| Legislation that required colonists to feed and shelter British troops; disobeyed in New York and elsewhere | Quartering Act
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| 19 year old major general in the Revolutionary army | Marquis de Lafayette
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| Wealthy president of the Continental Congress and "King of the Smugglers" | John Hancock
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| Minister whose clever attempt to impose import taxes nearly succeeded, but eventually brewed trouble for Britain | "Champagne Charley" Townshend
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| Zealous defender of the common people's rights and organizer of underground propaganda committees | Samuel Adams
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| Harsh measures of retaliation for a tea party, including the Boston Port Act closing that city's harbor | Intolerable Acts
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| Stubborn ruler, lustful for power who promoted harsh ministers like Lord North | George III
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| Alleged leader of radical protesters killed in Boston Massacre | Crispus Attucks
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| Organizational genius who turned raw colonial recruits into tough professional soldiers | Baron von Steuben
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| Male and female organizations that enforced the nonimportation agreements, sometimes by coercive means | Sons and Daughters of Liberty
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| British governor of Massachusetts whose stubborn policies helped provoke the Boston Tea Party | Thomas Hutchinson
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| Event organized by disguised "Indians" to sabotage British support of a British East India Company monopoly | Boston Tea Party
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| What was the effect of America's distance from Britain and the growth of colonial self-government? | Led to gradual development of a colonial sense of independence years before the Revolution
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| What was the effect of British mercantilism? | Enforced restrictions on colonial manufacturing, trade, and paper currency
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| What was the effect of the large British debt incurred defending the colonies in the French and Indian War? | Led Grenville to propose the Sugar Act, Quartering Act, and Stamp Act
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| What was the effect of the passage of the Stamp Act? | Was greeted in the colonies by the nonimportation agreements, the Stamp Act Congress, and the forced resignation of stamp agreements
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| What was the effect of the British troops sent to enforce order in Boston? | Fired on colonial citizens in the Boston Massacre
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| What was the effect of the British government's attempt to maintain the East India Company's tea monopoly? | Spurred patriots to stage Boston Tea Party
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| What was the effect of the Boston Tea Party? | Prompted passage of the Intolerable Acts, including the Boston Port Act
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| What was the effect of the Intolerable Acts? | Prompted the summoning of the First Continental Congress
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| What was the effect of a British attempt to seize the colonial militia's gunpowder supplies? | Precipitated the battles of Lexington and Concord
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| What was the effect of the Continental Congress's reluctance to tax Americans for war? | Resulted in the printing of large amounts of paper currency and skyrocketing inflation
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| During the period of fighting between April 1775 and July 1776, the colonists claimed that their goal was... | To restore their rights within the British Empire
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| Why did George Washington proved to be an especially effective commander of American forces in the Revolution? | His integrity, courage, and moral forcefulness
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| What was the bold American military strategy that narrowly failed in December 1775? | An invasion of Canada by generals Arnold and Montgomery
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| What did many of the German Hessian soldiers hired by King George III to fight for the British do when they got to America? | They ended up deserting because they had little loyalty to the British
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| Why did Thomas Paine's appeal for a new republican form of government attract many Americans? | Their own experience with local and colonial democratic governance had prepared them for the idea
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| Paine's "Common Sense" was crucial in convincing many Americans that what they should fight for was.... | An independent and republican America separate from Britain
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| What group of people were more likely to be Loyalists? | Conservative and well-off Americans
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| Besides George Washington, the most militarily effective American officer in the early campaigns of 1776 and 1777 was.... | General Benedict Arnold
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| Why was the Battle of Saratoga a key turning point of the War for Independence? | It brought about crucial French assistance to the Revolutionary cause
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| What was the primary reason that Americans were willing to enter a military and diplomatic alliance with France in 1778? | The practical self-interest of needing assistance to defeat the British
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| Where did the British especially rely on the numerous Loyalists to aid them in fighting the Patriots? | Carolinas
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| Why did most of the Six Nations of the Iroquois under Joseph Brant fight against the American revolutionaries? | They believed that a victorious Britain would contain westward American expansion
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| The British defeat at Yorktown was brought about by George Washington's army and... | The French navy under Admiral de Grasse
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| In the peace negotiations at Paris, the French wanted the Americans to acquire what territory? | Only the territory east of the Appalachian Mountains
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| The British yielded the Americans a generous peace treaty that included the western territories primarily because of... | The desire of the weak Whig ministry in London for friendly future relations with the United States
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| The body that chose George Washington commander of the Continental Army | Continental Congress
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| The British colony that Americans invaded in hopes of adding it to the rebellious thirteen | Canda
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| The inflammatory pamphlet that demanded independence and heaped scorn on "the Royal Brute of Great Britain" | "Common Sense"
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| The document that provided a lengthy explanation and justification of Richard Henry Lee's resolution that was passed by Congress on July 2, 1776 | Declaration of Independence
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| The term by which the American Patriots were commonly known, to distinguish them from the American "Tories" | Whigs
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| Another name for the American Tories | Loyalists
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| The church body most closely linked with Tory sentiment, except in Virginia | Anglican
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| The river valley that was the focus of Britain's early military strategy and the scene of Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga in 1777 | Hudson
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| Term for the alliance of Catherine the Great of Russia and other European powers who did not declare war but assumed a hostile neutrality toward Britain | Armed Neutrality
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| The region that saw some of the Revolution's most bitter fighting, from 1780 to 1782, between American General Greene and British General Cornwallis | Carolinas (South)
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| "Legalized pirates," more than a thousand strong, who inflicted heavy damage on British shipping | Privateers
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| British political party that replaced Lord North's Tories in 1782 and made a generous treaty with the United States | Whigs
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| The western boundary of the United States established in the Treaty of Paris | Mississippi River
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| The irregular American troops who played a crucial role in swaying the neutral civilian population toward the Patriot cause | Rebel Militiamen
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| The other European nation besides France and Spain that supported the American Revolution by declaring war on Britain | Holland
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| British general who chose to enjoy himself in New York and Philadelphia rather than vigorously pursue the American enemy | General Howe
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| Brilliant American general who invaded Canada, foiled Burgoyne's invasion, and then betrayed his country in 1780 | Benedict Arnold
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| American naval commander who successfully harassed British shipping | John Paul Jones
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| Author of an explanatory indictment, signed on July 4, 1776, that accused George III of establishing a military dictatorship | Thomas Jefferson
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| Shrewd and calculatingly "homespun" American diplomat who forged the alliance with France and later secured a generous peace treaty | Benjamin Franklin
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| Mohawk chief who led many Iroquois to fight with Britain against American revolutionaries | Joseph Brant
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| The decisive early battle of the American Revolution that led to the alliance with France | Saratoga
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| Military engagement that led King George III officially to declare the colonists in revolt | Bunker Hill
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| Americans who fought for KG3 and earned the contempt of Patriots | Loyalists
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| A wealthy Virginian of great character and leadership abilities who served his country without pay | George Washington
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| The British defeat that led to the fall of North's government and the end of the war | Yorktown
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| Leader whose small force conquered key British forts in the West | George Rogers Clark
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| A radical British immigrant who put an end to American toasts to King George | Thomas Paine
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| Fiery Virginian author of the official resolution of July 2, 1776, formally authorizing the colonies' independence | Richard Henry Lee
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| Blundering British general whose slow progress south from Canada ended in disaster at Saratoga | General Burgoyne
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| What was the effect of the Battle of Bunker Hill? | Caused King George to proclaim the colonies in revolt and import Hessian troops to crush them
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| What was the effect of Thomas Paine's "Common Sense"? | Stirred growing colonial support for declaring independence from Britain
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| What was the effect of Jefferson's "Declaration of Independence"? | Inspired universal awareness of the American Revolution as a fight for the belief that "all men are created equal"
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| What was the effect of the Patriot militia's political education and recruitment? | Won neutral or apathetic Americans over to the Patriot cause
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| What was the effect of the blundering of Burgoyne and Howe and the superb military strategy of Arnold and Washington? | Led to the failure of Britain's grand strategy and the crucial American victory at Saratoga
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| What was the effect of the Battle of Saratoga? | Made France willing to become an ally of the United States
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| What was the effect of the trapping of Cornwallis between Washington's army and de Grasse's navy? | Caused the British defeat at Yorktown and the collapse of North's Tory government
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| What was the effect of the collapse of the North ministry and the Whig takeover of the British government? | Caused the British to begin peace negotiations in Paris
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| What was the effect of Clark's military conquests and Jay's diplomacy? | Led to American acquisition of the West up to the Mississippi River
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| What was the effect of Jay's secret and separate negotiations with Britain? | Led to a favorable peace treaty for the United States and the end of French schemes for a smaller, weaker America
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