Anatomy and Physiology- Vocabulary for Bone System
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| cell | smallest organization of matter that is alive
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| tissue | a collection of cells with a similar structure and a similar function
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| organ | a collection of two or more tissues that are working together to perform a function
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| organ system | a collection or organs working together to perform a function
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| organism | all the organ systems
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| four basic groups of tissues | nervous, muscular, epithelial, connective
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| extracellular matrix | nonliving substance around the cell
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| -blast | stem cell; forms the tissue
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| -cyte | mature cell; maintains the tissue
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| -clast | related to the white blood cells; breaks down tissue, important in remodeling
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| macrophage | large motile cell; phagocyte
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| mast cell | non-motile connective tissue cell
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| dense collagenous connective tissues | fibroblast cells; great tensile strength and stretch resistance; found in tendonds, most ligaments
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| chondrocyte | cartilage cell; located in lacuna
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| lacuna | a small space within the extracellular matrix
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| extracellular matrix | collagenous fibers; firm, flexible, resilient; no blood supply
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| osteocyte | mature bone cell; in lacuna; maintains matrix
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| articulations | where joints meet
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| tendons | bands of dense collagenous connective tissue; connect muscle to bone
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| ligaments | bands of dense collagenous connective tissue; connect bone to bone
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| long bones | longer than they are wide; most bones of the appendages; often act as levers
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| short bones | about as long as they are wide; blocky; bones of wrist and ankle
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| flat bones | thin, flattened, usually curves; bones of cranium, sternum, ribs, scapular
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| irregular bones | do not fit in the other three categories; facial bones, vertebrae
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| compact bone | forms an outer shell; dense and strong
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| cancellous (spongy) bone | honeycome of microscopic interconnected boney rods and plates; central to the compact bone
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| diaphysis | tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones; composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity
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| epiphyses | expanded ends of long bones; exterior is compact bone and the interior is spongy bone
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| periostem | double-layered protective membrane; outer fibrous layer is dense irregular connective tissue
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| endosteum | delicate membrane covering internal surface of bone; single layer of cells containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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| Haversian system (osteon) | the structural unit of compact bone
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| lamellae | thin sheets of extracellular matrix; organized into sets of concentric rings
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| cancellous bone | lighter; space for marrow; located in epiphysis or in inner portion of the bone
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| osteoclasts | large cells that resorb or breakdown bone
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| Process of ossification | osteoblast secretes organic matrix; matrix becomes mineralized; trapped osteoblast becomes an osteocyte; osteocytes maintain the bone matrix
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| intramembranous ossification | occurs within the membrane
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| endochondral ossification | begins as cartilage
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| clot formation | torn blood vessels hemorrhage; a mass of clotted blood forms at the fracture site; site becomes swollen, painful, and inflames
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| callus formation | occurs two or three days after the injury; blood vessels and connective tissue stem cells invade the clod; formation of a fibrous netqork and cartilage between the broken bones
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| callus ossification | oseoblasts enter the callus and begin forming cancellous bone; usually complete 4-6 weeks after injury
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| cacitonin | secreted by thyroid gland; inhibits osteoclast activity and thus decreases blood calcium levels
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| parathormone | secreted by parathyroid glands; stimulates osteoclast cells to breakdown bone minerals to raise blood calcium levels
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| bone types by structure | fibrous, cartilagenous, synovial
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| synarthroses | immovable joints
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| ampiarthroses | slightly moveable joints
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| diarthroses | freely movable joints
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| sutures | occur between the bones of the skull; comprised of interlocking junctions completely filled with connective tissue fibers
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| syndesmoses | bones are connected by a fibrous tissue ligament; movement varies from immovable to slightly variable
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| gomphoses | peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket
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| synchondroses | a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones; all synchondroses are synarthrotic; ex- epiphyseal plates of children
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| symphyses | hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage; ex- pubic symphysis of the pelvis
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| bursa | reduces friction
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| tendon sheath | elongated bursa; wraps completely around a tendon
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| plane (type of synovial joint) | two opposed flat surfaces; between carpal bones
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| saddle (type of synovial joint) | two saddle shaped surfaces at right angles to one another; movement in two planes; carpometacarpal articulation of the thumb
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| hinge (type of synovial joint) | allows movement in only one axis; knee, finger joint, elbow
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| pivot (type of synovial joint) | rotation around a single axis; joint between 1st and 2nd vertebrae
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| ball-and-socket (type of synovial joint) | multiple axes, movement in three planes; hip, shoulder
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| condyloid/elipsoid (type of synovial joint) | a type of ball-and-socket joint; oval articular surface of one bones fits into a complementary depression of another bone; biaxia movement; wrist joint
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| flexion | decreasing the angle at the joint, usually in the sagittal plane
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| extension | increasing the angle at the joint, usually in the sagittal plane
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| hyperextension | extension past the anatomical position
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| dorsiflexion | flexion at the ankle; the foot is in a partially flexed position
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| plantar flexion | extension at the ankle
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| abduction | movement away from the sagittal plane
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| adduction | movement toward the sagittal plane
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| circumduction | the limb is moved to circumscribe a cone
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| rotation | movement of a bone around an axis without displacing it from that axis; head
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| medial rotation | the anterior surface of the limb moves toward the median plane
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| lateral rotation | the anterior surface of the limb moves away from the median plane
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| supination | rotation of the forearm so that the palm is in the anatomical position (face up)
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| pronation | rotation of the forearm so that the palm is face down
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| eversion | rotation of the foot so that the sole of the foot is turned outward
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| inversion | rotation of the foot so that the sole of the foot is turned inward
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