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A&P- Parsons- Bones
Anatomy and Physiology- Vocabulary for Bone System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell | smallest organization of matter that is alive |
| tissue | a collection of cells with a similar structure and a similar function |
| organ | a collection of two or more tissues that are working together to perform a function |
| organ system | a collection or organs working together to perform a function |
| organism | all the organ systems |
| four basic groups of tissues | nervous, muscular, epithelial, connective |
| extracellular matrix | nonliving substance around the cell |
| -blast | stem cell; forms the tissue |
| -cyte | mature cell; maintains the tissue |
| -clast | related to the white blood cells; breaks down tissue, important in remodeling |
| macrophage | large motile cell; phagocyte |
| mast cell | non-motile connective tissue cell |
| dense collagenous connective tissues | fibroblast cells; great tensile strength and stretch resistance; found in tendonds, most ligaments |
| chondrocyte | cartilage cell; located in lacuna |
| lacuna | a small space within the extracellular matrix |
| extracellular matrix | collagenous fibers; firm, flexible, resilient; no blood supply |
| osteocyte | mature bone cell; in lacuna; maintains matrix |
| articulations | where joints meet |
| tendons | bands of dense collagenous connective tissue; connect muscle to bone |
| ligaments | bands of dense collagenous connective tissue; connect bone to bone |
| long bones | longer than they are wide; most bones of the appendages; often act as levers |
| short bones | about as long as they are wide; blocky; bones of wrist and ankle |
| flat bones | thin, flattened, usually curves; bones of cranium, sternum, ribs, scapular |
| irregular bones | do not fit in the other three categories; facial bones, vertebrae |
| compact bone | forms an outer shell; dense and strong |
| cancellous (spongy) bone | honeycome of microscopic interconnected boney rods and plates; central to the compact bone |
| diaphysis | tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones; composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity |
| epiphyses | expanded ends of long bones; exterior is compact bone and the interior is spongy bone |
| periostem | double-layered protective membrane; outer fibrous layer is dense irregular connective tissue |
| endosteum | delicate membrane covering internal surface of bone; single layer of cells containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| Haversian system (osteon) | the structural unit of compact bone |
| lamellae | thin sheets of extracellular matrix; organized into sets of concentric rings |
| cancellous bone | lighter; space for marrow; located in epiphysis or in inner portion of the bone |
| osteoclasts | large cells that resorb or breakdown bone |
| Process of ossification | osteoblast secretes organic matrix; matrix becomes mineralized; trapped osteoblast becomes an osteocyte; osteocytes maintain the bone matrix |
| intramembranous ossification | occurs within the membrane |
| endochondral ossification | begins as cartilage |
| clot formation | torn blood vessels hemorrhage; a mass of clotted blood forms at the fracture site; site becomes swollen, painful, and inflames |
| callus formation | occurs two or three days after the injury; blood vessels and connective tissue stem cells invade the clod; formation of a fibrous netqork and cartilage between the broken bones |
| callus ossification | oseoblasts enter the callus and begin forming cancellous bone; usually complete 4-6 weeks after injury |
| cacitonin | secreted by thyroid gland; inhibits osteoclast activity and thus decreases blood calcium levels |
| parathormone | secreted by parathyroid glands; stimulates osteoclast cells to breakdown bone minerals to raise blood calcium levels |
| bone types by structure | fibrous, cartilagenous, synovial |
| synarthroses | immovable joints |
| ampiarthroses | slightly moveable joints |
| diarthroses | freely movable joints |
| sutures | occur between the bones of the skull; comprised of interlocking junctions completely filled with connective tissue fibers |
| syndesmoses | bones are connected by a fibrous tissue ligament; movement varies from immovable to slightly variable |
| gomphoses | peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket |
| synchondroses | a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones; all synchondroses are synarthrotic; ex- epiphyseal plates of children |
| symphyses | hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage; ex- pubic symphysis of the pelvis |
| bursa | reduces friction |
| tendon sheath | elongated bursa; wraps completely around a tendon |
| plane (type of synovial joint) | two opposed flat surfaces; between carpal bones |
| saddle (type of synovial joint) | two saddle shaped surfaces at right angles to one another; movement in two planes; carpometacarpal articulation of the thumb |
| hinge (type of synovial joint) | allows movement in only one axis; knee, finger joint, elbow |
| pivot (type of synovial joint) | rotation around a single axis; joint between 1st and 2nd vertebrae |
| ball-and-socket (type of synovial joint) | multiple axes, movement in three planes; hip, shoulder |
| condyloid/elipsoid (type of synovial joint) | a type of ball-and-socket joint; oval articular surface of one bones fits into a complementary depression of another bone; biaxia movement; wrist joint |
| flexion | decreasing the angle at the joint, usually in the sagittal plane |
| extension | increasing the angle at the joint, usually in the sagittal plane |
| hyperextension | extension past the anatomical position |
| dorsiflexion | flexion at the ankle; the foot is in a partially flexed position |
| plantar flexion | extension at the ankle |
| abduction | movement away from the sagittal plane |
| adduction | movement toward the sagittal plane |
| circumduction | the limb is moved to circumscribe a cone |
| rotation | movement of a bone around an axis without displacing it from that axis; head |
| medial rotation | the anterior surface of the limb moves toward the median plane |
| lateral rotation | the anterior surface of the limb moves away from the median plane |
| supination | rotation of the forearm so that the palm is in the anatomical position (face up) |
| pronation | rotation of the forearm so that the palm is face down |
| eversion | rotation of the foot so that the sole of the foot is turned outward |
| inversion | rotation of the foot so that the sole of the foot is turned inward |
Created by:
glamgal469
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