Gaznabi DM
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| Between meals insulin production is ________ | minimal
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| Lack of insulin causes ______ of stored fat in the liver cells to form ________ and _________ inc. the tendency of developing ____________ | lipolysis, phospholipids, cholesterol, atherosclerosis
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| In the mitochondria of the liver cells, fat molecules are further broken down to form ________ which turns into ________ bodies | acetoacetic acid, ketone
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| Insulin promotes protein _____ and inhibits ________ of proteins | formation, degredation
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| What are the gastrointestinal hormones that lead to insulin secretion? | Gastrin, CCK, secretin
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| Which gastric hormone causes insulin release from the beta cells? | GIP
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| What factors increase insulin secretion? | Glucagon, Growth hormone, cortisol, parasympathetic stimulation, insulin resistance, obesity, sulfonylurea drugs
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| What are some factors that decrease insulin secretion | Dec. blood glucose, fasting, somatostatin (GH inhibiting hormone)
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| Patients with _______/_______ have immune mediated type Type 1 Diabetes | HLA-DR3/HLA-DR4
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| What is another gene for genetic risk of Type 1? | 5' polymorphic region of insulin gene
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| Viruses as coxsackie, mumps, rubella, ECV and retrovirus have a strong link to DM-1 due to... | Directly destroying beta cells
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| In type 2 DM why are there no ketones | Endogenous insulin is enough to prevent ketoaciddosis
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| MODY is a ____ insulin dependant diabetes. It is autosomal _________. And the tx is __________ . | non, dominant, insulin
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| In gestational diabetes, inc ______ leads to insulin ________ | requirement, resistance
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| What are the endocrine tumors that can cause hyperglycemia due to tissue insensiticiy? | Acromegaly, Cushing syndrome, Pheochromocytoma
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| What are some Agents that cause hyperglycemia due to tissue insensiticiy? | Corticosteroids, sympathomimetic drugs, niacin
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| What dzs cause hyperglycemia due to tissue insensiticiy? | Cirrohsis, hemachromatosis
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| What is an adipose tissue d/o that causes hyperglycemia due to tissue insensiticiy? | lypodystrophy, truncal obesity
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| What hormonal tumors cause hyperglycemia due to reduced insulin secretion? | Somastinomas, pheochromacytomas
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| What pancreatic disorder cause hyperglycemia due to reduced insulin secretion? | Pancreatitis, hemachromatosis
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| WHich agents cause reduced insulin secretion? | THiazide, phenytoin, pentamidine
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| What are the major signs and symptoms of Type 1 diabetes? | Osmotic diuresis (2nd to hyperglycemia), thirst (due to hyperosmolar state), blurred vision, wt loss w/ loss of apetite, symptoms of postural hypotension, paresthesia and neuropathies (reversible), ketoacidosis
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| At what level does the serum osmolality rise to when mental status is noted | above 330
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| In Type 2 diabetics, since the pt may be asymptomatic, what is detected in teh urine | glucose
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| What are other signs of DM 2 | polydipsia, polyuria, chronic skin infections, candida/vulvovaginits, big baies, milkd HTN,
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| What are the numbers for fasting BG | >126 two times, diabetc
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| What are the nubers for oral GTT? | >200 diabetes
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| Afasting level of 100-125 or 2 hr GTT of 140-199 means | impaired glucose tolerance
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| What is normal HGB A1C | <5.7%
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| If repeat A1C is > 6.5% | we treat for biabetes bc retinopathy begins shortly after 6.5%
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| HGB A1c btw 5.7-6.4% are considered | high risk
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| What is the secondary test after A1C | Fructosamine (1-2 weeks preceding
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| In DM pts, cholesterol should be limited to ? | 300
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| T/F Infection leads to insulin resistance? | T
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| What are late clinical manis of DM? | Involvement of small and large BC's, lens of eye, peripheral nerves and skin
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| What are some late clinical manis specifically | HTN, nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, Autonomic and peripheral neuropathy (gastroparesis), MI, CVS, amputation of lower extremities, DKA, HHS, Lactic Acidosis
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| When should pts with type 2 be referred to opthamologist? Type 1? | 2: at time of diagnosis 1: 5 years after dx
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| DKA is noted to have _______ pain, HHS does not | abdoimnal
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| Metabolic syndrome is 3 or more of the following: | Central obesity, INsulin resistant diabetes, INc. TG's, Inc. BP, Low HDL, Fasting plasma glucose >100
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| Metformin helps reduce _______ | hyperglycemia
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| TZD increases insulin ________, improves insulin mediated glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue | sensitivity
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Created by:
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