Anatomy/Physiology Vocabulary
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| abdomen | the body cavity containing the major organs. located below the diaphram, above the pelvis.
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| abduction | movement of a limb AWAY from the body
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| acetabulum | the depression on the lateral pelvis. 3 component bones join to house the femoral head.
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| acetylcholine | an excitatory neurotransmitter used in the peripheral and central nervous system.
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| acetylcholinesterase | the enzyme that causes muscle relaxation by decomposition of acetylcholine.
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| acid | a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a water solution.
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| acidosis | a pathologic condition resulting from the accumulation of acids in the body.
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| acromioclavicular separation (AC separation) | an injury caused by distraction of the clavicle away from the acromion process of the scapula.
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| acromion process | the tip of the shoulder and the site of attachment for both the clavicle and various shoulder muscles
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| action potentials | an electrochemical event where stimulation of a nearby cell could cause excitation of another cell.
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| active transport | method used to move compounds across a cell membrain. usually against a concentration gradient and requiring the expenditure of energy.
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| adam's apple | the firm prominence in the upper part of the larynx formed by the thyroid cartilage.
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| adaptation | the temporary or permanent reduction of sensitivity to a particular stimulus.
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| adduction | movement of a limb TOWARD the midline
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| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | the nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy.
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| adipose tissue | fat tissue that lies beneath the skin, between muscles, around kidneys, behind the eyes, in certain abdominal membranes, on the heart's surface, and around certain joints.\
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| adrenal cortex | the outer layer of the adrenal glad; produces hormones. is a key part of water and salt balance regulation.
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| adrenal glands | Endocrine glands. Located ontop of the kidneys. release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
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| adrenaline | hormone produced by the adrenal glands. mediates fight-or-flight. AKA Epinephrine
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| adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) | hormone that targets the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol (a glucocorticoid)
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| aerobic metabolism | metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen.
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| afferent arterioles | final branches of the interlobular arters of the kidneys. lead TO the nephrons.
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| after-image | the perception of a stimuli is still present after the stimuli is removed.
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| afterload | the pressure in the aorta against which the Left Ventricle must pump blood.
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| agonal gasps | slow, gasping respirations. indicating life-threatening cerebral injury or ischemia
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| agonist | a substance that mimics the actions of a specific neurotransmitter or hormone by binding the specific receptor of the naturally occurring substance.
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| agranulocytes | Leukocytes that lack granules.
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| albumins | the smallest of plasma proteins. make up approximately 60% of protein weight.
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| alkalosis | a pathogenic condition resulting from the accumulation of bases in the body.
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| alleles | variant forms of a gene which can be identical or slighly different in DNA sequence
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| allergen | substance causing allergic reaction AKA an antigen
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| alpha cells | cells located in the islets of Langerhans that secrete glucagon
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| alpha effects | stimulation of alpha receptors that result in vasoconstriction.
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| alveolar ducts | ducts formed from division of the respiratory bronchioles in the lower airway. each duct ends in clusters AKA alveoli
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| alveoli | the air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
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| alveolocapillary membrane | very thin membrane, consisting of only one cell layer. lies between the alveolus and capillary, through which respiratory exchange between the alveolus and the blood vessel occurrs.
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| amblyopia | lazy eye. causes loss of depth perception. one fails to send adequate signals to the vision center.
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| anabolism | the synthesis of larger molecules for smaller ones
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| anaerobic metabolism | metabolism that takes place in the ABSENCE of oxygen. causes lactic acid
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| anatomic position | pt faces you, arms at side, palms forward
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| anatomy | the study of the structure of an organism and it's parts
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| androgens | male sex hormones mostly produced by the testicular interstital cells
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| anions | ions with a negative charge
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| antagonist | a molecule that blocks the ability of a given chemical to bind to its receptor, preventing a biologic response
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| anterior | the front surface of the body
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| anterior cavity | Aqueous chamber; portion of the eyeball filled with the aqueous humor. the hummor determines intraocular pressure.
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| antibodies (immunoglobulin) | proteins within plasma that react with antigens
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| aorta | the principal artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body.
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| aortic arch | one of the 3 described portions of the aorta. the section between the ascending and descending portions that gives rise to the right brachiocephalic, left common carotid and left subclavian arteries
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| aortic valve | semilunar valve that regulates blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta
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| apex (plural) | the pointed extremity of a conical structure
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| apneustic center | a portion of the pons that assists in creating longer slower respirations
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| appendicular skeleton | the portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis and shoulder girdle
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| appendix | a small tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the LRQ of the abdomen
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| aqueous humor | watery fluid filling the anterior eye cavity
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| arachnoid | the middle membrane or the three meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord
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| areolar tissue | the type of tissue that binds skin to underlying organs and fills in spaces between muscles.
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| arteries | the blood vessele that carries blood away from the heart
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| arterioles | the smallest branches of arteries leading to the cast network of capillaries
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| ascending aorta | the first of three portions of the aorta; originates from the left ventricle and branches into the right and left main coronary arteries
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| astigmatism | irregularities in the shape of the lense causing vision disturbance.
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| astrocytes | neuroglia found usually between neurons and blood vessels
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| atlanto-occipital joint | the location where the atlasx articulates with the occipital condyles
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| atlas | C1- supports the head
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| atomic number | whole number representing the number of positively charged protons in the nuclues of an atom
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| atomic weight | the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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| atoms | smallest complete units of an element that have elements properties
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| atrioventricular node (AV node) | the site located in the AV junction that is responsible for transiently slowing electrical conduction.
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| atrioventricular valves | mitral and tricuspid valves throught which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles
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| atrium | one of 2 upper chambers of the heart
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| auditory ossicles | the bones that function in hearing and are located deep withing cavities of the temporal bone
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| autonomic nervous systen (ANS) | regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating. involuntary functions
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| autosomes | chromosomes that do not carry genes that determine sex
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| avascular | lacking blood vessels
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| axial skeleton | the skull, spinal column and rib cage
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| axillary vein | the vein formed by the basilic and cephalic veins, which drains into the subclavian vein
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| axis | C2- allows the head to rotate
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| axons | extensions from neurons that send out electrochemical messages
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| b lymphocytes (B cells) | lympphocytes that exist in blood, and are abundant in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, intestinal lining and spleen
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| baroreceptors | receptors in the blood vessels, kidneys, brain and heart that respond to changes in pressure in the heart/main arteries to maintain homeostasis
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| basal metabolic rate | the rate at which nutrients are consumed
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| base | a substance that decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions
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| basement membrane | anchors epithelial tissues to connective tissue
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| basilic vein | one of two major veins in of the arm, combines with the cephalic vein to form the axillary vein
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| basophils | WBC's that work to durring an immune response
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| beta cells | located in the islets of Langerhans that secrete insulin
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| beta effects | stimulation of beta receptors that result in inotropic, dromotropic and chronotropic states
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| bilateral | both sides of the midline
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| bile ducts | convey bile between the liver and intestine
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| bilirubin | a waste product of red blood cell destruction that under-goes further metabolism in the liver
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| binocular vision | the merging of two images into one
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| blood | pumps from the heart, throught the arteries, to the veins, into the capillaries. consists of plasma, RBC's, WBC's and platelets
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| blood pressure | pressure that is exerted against the arteries as it passes through them
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| bone marrow | a substance that manufactures most RBC's
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| bony labyrinth | collection of hollows in the bone of the inner ear that protect the inner ear from extraneous stimulation
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| brachial artery | major vessel in the upper extremity that supplies blood to the arm
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| brain | controlling organ of the body and centure of conciousness. functions include include perception, contol of reactions to the environment, emotion responses and judgement
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| brainstem | the area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum. controlls functions necessary for life respirations, etc
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| bronchioles | fine subdivisions of the bronchi that give rise to the alveolar ducts
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| bronchospasm | constirction of the airway passages into the lungs
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| bruit | an abnormal "wooshing-like" shound indicating turbulent blood flow within a blood vessel
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| buffer | any substance that can reversibly bind H+
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| buffer system | fast-acting defenses for acid-base changes
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| bulbourethral glands | Cowpers glands, located inferior to the prostate gland. secretes lubricating fluid that prepares the penis for intercourse
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| bundle of his | a continuation of the AV node
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| bursa | small fluid-filled sac located a tendon and a bone that cushions and protects the joint
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| calcaneus | heel bone
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| calcitonin | hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid glad. regulates calcium levels in the body
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| calorie | the amount of heat needed to raise the temp of a gram of water by 1*C
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| cancellous bone | consists of a lacy network of bony rods called trabeculae
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| capillaries | tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste between the body tissues and the blood
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| carbohydrates | provide much of the energy required by the bodys cells and for formation of cell structure
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| cardiac cycle | begins with the onset of cardiac muscle contraction and ends just proior to the beginning of the next contraction
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| cardiac muscle tissue | striated muscle of myocardium, containing dark intercalated disks at the junctions of abutting fibers.
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| cardiac output | the volume of blood pumped through the circulatory system in 1 minute
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| carotid artery | major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain
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| carotid bifurcation | the point which the common carotid branches into the internal and external carotids
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| carpometacarpal joint | the thumb joint
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| cartilage | provides cushion between joints. also forms the nasal septum and parts of the outer ear
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| cartilaginous joints | those connected by hyaline cartilage, or fibrocartilage, such as the joints that separate the vertebrae
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| catabolism | the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones
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| cataract | clouding of the lense of the eye or it's surrounding transparent membranes
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| catecholamines | hormones produced by the adrenal medulla (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that assist the body with physical and emotional stress. increase blood pressure, heart reat and respiratory rate.
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| cations | Ions with a positive charge
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| cecum | the first part of the large intesting, into which the ileum opens
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| cell membrane | the cell wall. selectively permeable layer of cells that surround intracellular contents
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| cellular immune response | tell-mediated immunity. t-cells attach to foreigh, antigen-bearing cells such as bacterial cells and interact with direct cell-to-cell contact
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