AP ch 5 Integument
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| integument | skin
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| skin is what percent of total body weight? | 16%
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| 2 components of integumentary system | 1. cutaneous membrane (skin)
2. accessory structures (hair, nails, glands)
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| hypodermis | deep to dermis, consists of adipose and areolar tissue (subcutaneous layer)
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| functions of skin & hypodermis | protection of underlying tissue, excretion of salt/waste, maintain body temp, produce melanin, produce keratin, synthesize vit D3, storage of lipids, detection of touch/pressure
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| which layer of skin is avascular and receives nutrients through diffusion from other layers? | epidermis is avascular and gets nutrients through diffusion from dermis.
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| melanin protects from? | UV radiation (sunlight)
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| keratin | protein that makes skin resistant to abrasion and water. Hair and nails are made of keratin.
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| thin skin | four layers, covers entire body except palms and soles of feet.
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| thick skin | five layers, covers soles of feet and palms of hands
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| stratum | latin for "layer"
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| layers of epidermis from superficial to deepest | stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale, basement membrane, dermis
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| stratum basale | innermost layer of epidermis that attaches to basement membrane between dermis and epidermis
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| basal cells | stem cells that divide and replace the more superficial keratinocytes in the superior layers of the epidermis
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| stratum basale is mostly made of what type of cells? | basal cells (epidermal skin cells)
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| stratum spinosum | the 2nd layer of the epidermis (from the bottom). daughter cells from the basal cells of the stratum basale are pushed up into the stratum spinosum
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| stratum granulosum | third layer of epidermis (from the bottom). cells in this layer have stopped dividing and produce lots of keratin.
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| stratum lucidum | the extra layer of epidermis that exists only in thick skin of palms and soles of feet. not present in thin skin.
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| stratum corneum | exposed surface layer of all epidermis. cells are keratinized (dry and dead with keratin)
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| insensible perspiration | water loss from interstitial fluids slowly moving to epidermal surface
(stratum corneum) and evaporating. accounts for ~500 mL of fluid loss/day
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| sensible perspiration | perspiration that you can feel, produced by sweat glands
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| epidermal reaction to a freshwater bath | freshwater is hypotonic to skin so water moves into epidermal cells causing them to swell.
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| epidermal reaction to salt water | saltwater is hypotonic so water shifts out of the body's cells causing dehydration
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| two pigments found in epidermis | carotine, melanin
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| carotene | orange/yellow pigment in epidermal cells that comes from orange vegetables in diet
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| melanin | brown pigment produced by melanocytes located in the stratum basale (deepest epidermal layer). protects from UV radiation in sunlight.
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| hemoglobin | pigment in red blood cells that binds and transports Oxygen
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| cholecalciferol | a cholesterol based steroid that that the stratum basale (deepest epidermis) produces when exposed to sunlight (aka Vit D3). its needed to absorb calcium.
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| vitamin | essential organic nutrient that must be obtained from diet b/c the body cant synthesize it.
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| rickets | vit D3 (cholecalciferol) deficiency in children that leads to weak, flexible bones.
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| dermis | lies between epidermis and hypodermis
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| epidermis | top layer of integument
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| two layers of dermis | 1. papillary (superficial, areolar tissue, capillaries, lymph, nerves)
2. reticular (deep, interwoven mesh of dense irregular connective tissue with collagen & elastic fibers)
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| dermatitis | inflammation of the skin. primarily involves papillary layer of dermis. can be painful or itchy (poison ivy)
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| Dermal strength and elasticity comes from... | collagen (strength) and elastic fibers (flexibility) found in the reticular (deep) layer
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| skin turgor | flexibility and resilience provided by water content of the skin. Skin loses resilience with dehydration
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| cleavage lines | fibers of the dermis run in parallel bundles that resist forces of normal movement. a cut parallel to these lines heals well, cut perpendicular scars badly
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| hypodermis | not technically part of integument system. layer of areolar and adipose tissue deep to dermis that stabilizes skin but allows for independent mvmt from underlying tissues
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| subcutaneous injection | injection into hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue)
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| root hair plexus | nerve that innervates each hair follicle allowing you to feel movement of a single hair
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| arrector pili | smooth muscle that contracts pulling on the hair follicle making the hair stand up.
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| hair root | anchors hair to skin
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| hair shaft | part of the hair that extends beyond the surface of the skin
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| avg healthy adult loses approx __ hairs per day? | 100
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| sebaceous gland | oil glands. discharge oily lipid secretion (sebum) into hair follicles
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| sebum | the oily lipid secretion discharged by sebaceous glands
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| sebaceous follicle | large sebaceous glands. not associated with hair follicles. discharge sebum directly onto skin surface.
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| sudoriferous gland | sweat gland
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| two types of sudoriferous (sweat) glands | 1. apocrine sweat gland- secretes into hair follicle (pubes, armpits, nipples)
2. merocrine sweat gland- secrete onto skin surface
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| ceruminous glands | modified sweat glands in the ear canal whose secretions mix with sebacious gland secretions producing cerumen (ear wax)
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| cerumin | ear wax
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| nail body | visible portion of the finger/toe nail
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| nail bed | epidermis protected by nail body
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| nail root | where nail growth occurs. extends under skin, almost to finger bone.
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| eponychium | cuticle of nail
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| fibrin | fibrous protein that forms in blood creating a clot
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| granulation tissue | blood clot, fibroblasts and capillary network during tissue healing
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| scar tissue | inflexible, fibrous, non-cellular tissue that forms after an inury
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| keloid | thick, raised area of scar tissue
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