AP Body Tissues Ch 4
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| 3 epithelial cell shapes | squamous (flat), cuboidal (box-like), columnar (tall, slender)
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| squamous epithelial cells | thin flat cells
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| cuboidal epithelial cells | box-like cells
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| columnar epithelial cells | tall, slender rectangles
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| simple epithelium | one layer of cells covering the basement membrane. common in areas where absorption and diffusion take place
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| stratified epithelium | several layers of cells. tough, resist chemical and mechanical stress (skin, mouth, etc)
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| simple squamous epithelium | single layer of thin flat cells
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| stratified squamous epithelium | thin flat cells that form multiple layers to provide protection from chemical and mechanical stress
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| keratin | protein in skin that makes cells water resistant and prevents them from drying out
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| simple cuboidal epithelium | single layer of box like cells
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| stratified cuboidal epithelium | multiple layers of box like cells. very rare, found in ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands
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| transitional epithelia | tolerates stretching and recoil without damage. found in urinary bladder.
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| simple columnar epithelia | single layer of tall, slender rectangular cells, found in small intestine
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| stratified columnar epithelia | is actually composed of bottom layers of cuboidal cells with a layer of columnar cells at the surface. compose epiglottis
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| gland | collection of epithelial cells that produce secretions
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| endocrine gland | releases secretions into interstitial fluid
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| hormones | endocrine secretions released into interstitial fluid and then absorbed into bloodstream. regulate activities of various organs
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| exocrine gland | secrete products into ducts to be discharged on the epithelial surface
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| three types of exocrine glands | 1. serous gland
2. mucous gland
3. mixed exocrine gland
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| serous gland | type of exocrine gland that secretes a watery solution that contains enzymes
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| mucous gland | exocrine gland that releases mucin that mixed with fluid to produce mucous
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| mixed exocrine gland | secretes more than one type of secretion
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| examples of connective tissue | bone, fat, blood, etc
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| three components of connective tissue | 1. has specialized cells
2. ground substance (fluid)
3. extracellular protein fibers
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| the two components of connective tissue that make up the matrix | ground substance (fluid) and extracellular protein fibers
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| connective tissue matrix | the portion of the tissue that surrounds the cells (fluid and protein fibers that surround cells)
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| connective tissue proper | contains many types of cells in a thick syrupy ground substance (ie adipose)
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| fluid connective tissue | contains cells in a watery matrix (ie blood, lymph)
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| supporting connective tissue | matrix contains densely packed protein fibers to provide support to body structures (ie cartilage, bone)
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| fibroblast | a cell in connective tissue proper that contributes to the formation of connective tissue fibers. especially collagen fibers.
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| adipocyte | fat cell. in addition to organelles they also contain a large lipid droplet
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| fibrocyte | differentiate from fibroblasts. they maintain connective tissue fibers.
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| mesenchymal cell | stem cells in connective tissue that replace damaged cells via rapid cell division
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| macrophage | engulf damaged cells or pathogens. release cytokines that stimulate immune cells
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| cytokines | chemical messengers sent between cells
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| lymphocytes | cells of the lymph system that respond to tissue damage
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| microphages | phagocytic white blood cells that participate in immune response (neutrophils and eosinophils)
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| melanocytes | produce melanin, the brown pigment in skin
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| collagen fibers | long straight strands of proteins wound together like rope. they are flexible but very strong when pulled along long axis.
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| tendons | connect muscle to bone
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| ligaments | connect bone to bone
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| reticular fibers | form branching, interwoven network that is tough and resists forces from many directions. makes up stroma of organs.
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| stroma | network of reticular connective tissue fibers that support functional tissue of an organ.
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| parenchyma | the functional tissue of an organ
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| elastic fibers | connective tissue fibers that contain the protein elastin. after they are stretched, they return to their original length.
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| elastic ligaments | rare ligaments found only between vertebrae.
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| ground substance functions | fills the space between cells of connective tissue and surrounds protein fibers
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| mesenchyme | embryonic connective tissue with many stem cells from which all other types of connective tissue are formed
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| do adults have mesenchyme? | no, but they do have scattered mesenchymal cells (stem cells) for tissue repair
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| functions of loose connective tissue | fill spaces between organs, cushions and stabilized organs, "packing material in the body"
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| three types of loose connective tissue | areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue
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| areolar tissue | loose connective tissue with viscous ground substance and loosely organized fibers. can stretch and distort without permanent damage. forms layer that separates skin from other structures and allows independent movement
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| adipose tissue | similar to areolar tissue except contains more adipocytes. provides "packing" around organs and insulates from heat loss.
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| reticular tissue | forms the stroma that supports the parenchyma (functional cells) of spleen, liver, etc.
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| stroma | framework of connective tissue that supports parenchyma
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| parenchyma | functional tissue of an organ
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| dense connective tissue | made up of densely packed collagen fibers
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| two types of dense connective tissue | 1-dense irregular connective tissue
2-dense regular connective tissue
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| dense regular connective tissue | fibers are parallel and aligned with the forces placed on tissue. ex are tendons and ligaments
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| dense irregular connective tissue | fibers form an interwoven mesh with no consistent pattern. ex capsules of liver, spleen, kidneys, etc
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| two types of fluid connective tissue | blood, lymph
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| three classes of extracellular fluid | blood, lymph, interstitial fluid
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| plasma | watery matrix around blood cells (the liquid portion of blood)
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| formed elements | the blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma
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| three types of formed elements | white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets
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| movement of extracellular fluid through the body | 1. arteries carry blood away from the heart
2. BP forces some fluid and small solutes across capillary walls making it interstitial fluid (around cells)
3. interstitial fluid enters lymphatic vessels becoming lymph
4. lymph is returned to the heart
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| chondroitin sulfate | the firm gel matrix that makes up cartilage
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| chondrocyte | cartilage cell, the only cells in cartilage matrix
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| lacunae | small chambers that surround chondrocytes in cartilage and osteocytes in bone
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| perichondrium | two layer fibrous structure that surrounds cartilage separating it from other tissues
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| two types of cartilage growth | 1. interstitial growth
2. appositional growth
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| interstitial cartilage growth | chondrocytes in matrix divide, enlarges cartilage from within
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| appositional cartilage growth | new layers are added to cartilage surface when the cells in the inner layer of the perichondrium divide
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| most common type of cartilage | hyaline cartilage
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| hyaline cartilage | made of densely packed collagen fibers. tough but flexible. reduces friction between bones. found in synovial joints and between ribs and sternum
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| elastic cartilage | contains elastic fibers. resilient and flexible. found in penna of ear, epiglottis, larynx
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| fibrocartilage | matrix made of dense interwoven collagen fibers. tough but durable. found between vertebrae, pelvic bones and joints.
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| complex joints contain which two types of cartilage? | hyaline and fibrocartilage
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| 2/3 of the body's bone composition are made up of ___ ___ | calcium salts
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| calcium salts are hard and ___ | brittle
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| ___ ___ give bones their hardness while ___ ___ give bone its flexibility | calcium salts, collagen fibers
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| osteocytes | mature bone cells
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| osteocytes are surrounded by pockets called ___ | lacunae
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| canaliculi | passageways in bone matrix in which extensions of cytoplasm allow communication between osteocytes, other osteocytes and blood vessels
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| periosteum | two layered sheath that covers the outer surface of bone
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| mucous membranes | line chambers/passageways that are open to the outside world. must be kept moist with mucous.
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| serous membranes | line ventral body cavities. not open to exterior.
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| parietal portion of a serous membrane | lines the inner surface of the cavity
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| visceral portion of a serous membrane | lines the organs inside ventral body cavities
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| transudate | the fluid on the surface of serous membranes that lubricates to reduce friction from between the visceral and parietal portions of serous membranes during movement and function of the organs.
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| cutaneous membrane (skin) | covers body surface. thick, waterproof and dry. stratified squamous epithelium on top of areolar tissue reinforced by dense irregular connective tissue
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| synovial membrane | produces synovial fluid that fills joint cavity to lubricate bone ends. Is made of a matrix of collagen fibers.
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| connective tissue function | creates body's framework by binding skin, muscle, bone and organs together.
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| three layers of fascia | 1. superficial fascia
2. deep fascia
3. subserous fascia
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| superficial fascia | areolar and adipose tissue that separates the skin from underlying structures and allows skin to move independently
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| deep fascia | dense irregular connective tissue that is bound to and stabilizes organ capsules, tendons, ligaments, etc
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| subserous fascia | deepest layer of fascia. Areolar tissue that separates deep fascia from serous membranes of body cavities.
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| three types of muscle tissue | 1. skeletal muscle
2. cardiac muscle
3. smooth muscle
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| skeletal muscle function | gross body movement
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| function of cardiac muscle | cardiac contraction to circulate blood.
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| function of smooth muscle | provide elasticity, contractility and support in walls of visceral organs and other locations.
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| myosattelite cells | stem cells present in skeletal muscle that produce new muscle fibers
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| striated voluntary muscle | describes skeletal muscle
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| cardiocyte | cardiac muscle cell
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| intercalated disc | specialized regions where cardiocytes connect to one another. Ion mvmt through gap junctions synchronize cardiac contraction.
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| pacemaker cells | special cardiac cells that establish a regular rate of contraction.
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| striated involuntary muscle | cardiac muscle
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| smooth muscle is found in... | walls of blood vessels, hollow organs, etc
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| types of muscle cells that are striated | skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle. smooth muscle is not striated.
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| nonstriated involuntary muscle | smooth muscle
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| nervous tissue | specialized for conduction of electrical impulses from one region of the body to another.
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| 98% of nervous tissue is in the ___ and ___ ___ | brain and spinal cord
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| two types of neural tissue | 1. neurons
2. neuroglia
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| neurons | communicate with each other via electrical impulses. limited ability to repair themselves.
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| neuroglia | support and repair neural tissue and supply neurons with nutrients.
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| longest cells in body | neurons can be up to 1m long; muscle cells can only be up to 1 ft long.
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| neuron cell body | portion of neuron that contains the nucleus
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| dendrite | small projections off of the cell body of a neuron that RECEIVE info from other neurons
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| axon | single, long projection of neuron that sends info to the dendrite of the next neuron
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| inflammation | reaction of tissue to injury or infection. damages cells release prostaglandins, proteins and potassium which changes the composition of interstitial fluid.
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| necrosis | tissue destruction beginning several hours after cell injury or death due to autolysis.
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| autolysis | lysosomes of damaged cells release enzymes that destroy themselves releasing their enzymes and destroying the cells. after lysis enzymes leak out and destroy surrounding cells as well.
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| pus | accumulation of fluid, dead cells and cell components
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| abscess | accumulation of pus in enclosed tissue space.
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| fibrosis | permanent replacement of normal tissue by fibrous tissue
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