GENETICS & EVOLUTION
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| What is characteristic of X-linked disorders? | show 🗑
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| heterochromatin | show 🗑
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| euchromatin | show 🗑
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| show | One of the 2 X's in a female will be inactivated as a Barr body
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| show | 3
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| Autosomal Dominant | show 🗑
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| What is fitness defined by? | show 🗑
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| directional selection | show 🗑
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| show | selects for moderate trait, against extremes
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| disruptive selection | show 🗑
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| Group selection | show 🗑
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| show | sacrifices fitness of individual for benefit of group
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| Evolutionary success | show 🗑
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| show | -be able to interbreed
-be able to produce fertile, viable offspring
-does this naturally
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| Are a horse and donkey same species? | show 🗑
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| Speciation | show 🗑
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| polymorphism | show 🗑
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| adaptation | show 🗑
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| specialization | show 🗑
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| Inbreeding increases frequency of __ and decreases ___. | show 🗑
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| Why is inbreeding so bad? | show 🗑
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| show | severe reduction in population size (i.e. natural disaster)
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| genetic drift and when does the effect increase? | show 🗑
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| T / F: Bottlenecks increase the effect of genetic drift? | show 🗑
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| divergent evolution | show 🗑
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| Divergent evolution produces ___ structures. | show 🗑
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| homologous structures | show 🗑
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| parallel evolution | show 🗑
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| convergent evolution | show 🗑
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| analogous structures | show 🗑
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| coevolution | show 🗑
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| show | one benefits, other harmed
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| show | one benefits, other unaffected
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| show | both species benefit
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| ontogeny vs. phylogeny | show 🗑
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| Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny Theory | show 🗑
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| Molecular Clock Theory | show 🗑
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| show | random genetic drift mutations that are not acted on by natural selection
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| What is Oparin and Haldane's theory on origin of life? | show 🗑
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| show | Urey-Miller
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| RNA World Hypothesis | show 🗑
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| protocells | show 🗑
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| show | -endosymbiosis --> big cx engulfed a smaller cx
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| What are 2 types of endosymbiosis? | show 🗑
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| How did prokaryotes evolve? stages | show 🗑
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| What is a chordate? | show 🗑
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| What are features of a chordate? | show 🗑
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| What is a vertebrate vs. chordate? | show 🗑
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| show | -all chordates have a notochord, dorsally located nerve
-all vertebrates have a backbone
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| Are all vertebrates chordates? Are all chordates vertebrates? | show 🗑
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| show | rigid rod present at some stage of development in all chordates
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| show | 1
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| Hardy Weinberg equation | show 🗑
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| show | -large population (no genetic drift)
-no mutation
-no migration
-random mating (no sexual selection)
-all genes are equally successful at reproducing
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| What is a back-cross? | show 🗑
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| show | Situation when you have a dominant phenotype (Aa or AA)
--> cross with homozygous recessive aa
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| show | location of a gene on a chromosome
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| show | variant of a gene
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| show | same locus
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| How many alleles does each gene hold? | show 🗑
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| leakage | show 🗑
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| show | all of the alleles in a population
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| penetrance | show 🗑
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| show | to what degree a penetrant gene is expressed
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| When does tetrad formation occur? | show 🗑
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| In meiosis, are the daughter cells identical to parent cell? | show 🗑
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| What does meiosis produce? | show 🗑
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| show | independent assortment
--> sometimes mom's chromo is on left, sometimes it's on rightW
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| The law of_____ ( segregation or independent assortment) is dependent on the separation of members of homologous pairs. | show 🗑
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| What is the site of crossing-over called? When does chiasma occur? | show 🗑
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| What lines up during meiosis I? Mitosis? | show 🗑
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| How many recombinants does a single crossover create? | show 🗑
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| Where are all of the sex-linked alleles located? | show 🗑
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| show | inheritance of things other than genomic DNA
--> all cellular organelles such as mito are inherited from mother
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| mitochondria inheritance is from? | show 🗑
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| inversion mutation | show 🗑
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| addition / insertion mutation | show 🗑
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| What to addition / deletion mutations create? | show 🗑
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| translocation mutation | show 🗑
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| inborn errors of metabolism | show 🗑
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| Are all mutagens carcinogens? Are all carcinogens mutagens? | show 🗑
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| show | increase mitosis
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| show | -mutagen = causes mutation
-carcinogen = causes mutation that causes cancer
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| show | remnants of organs that have lost ancestral fxns
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| show | populations
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| show | NO --> bilateral symmetry
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| show | chordata
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| show | produce large number of offspring that mature rapidly with littler or no parental care
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| show | small brood size with slow maturing offspring and strong parental care
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| show | single ancestral species gives rise to a number of different species
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| What carries out long-term evolutionary changes? | show 🗑
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| show | colloidal droplets made of polypeptides, nucleic acids, polysaccharides
--> first cx thought to evolved from this cx type
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| prezygotic isolating mechanisms vs. postzygotic | show 🗑
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| inclusive fitness | show 🗑
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| show | changing gene frequency
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| How to calculate the number of possible gametes for AaBbCc? | show 🗑
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| Why does inbreeding reduce fitness? | show 🗑
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| What organisms fall under eukaryotes? | show 🗑
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| Which organisms fall under prokaryotes? | show 🗑
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| What are simplest eukaryotes? | show 🗑
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| show | -more common in males
-skip generations
-NO father-son transmission
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| show | intro of new alleles into a population
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| Gram positive appear ___ after staining. Gram negative appear ____. | show 🗑
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| Where do sperm undergo maturation? What is that analogous to in a female? | show 🗑
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| show | membrane-bound organelles, chitin wall
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| What is the smallest and achiral a.a.? | show 🗑
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| What is the imino acid? | show 🗑
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| What a.a. can form disulfide bonds? | show 🗑
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| Background extinction vs. mass extinction | show 🗑
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| Founder effect | show 🗑
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| show | testosterone
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| show | avg. amount of time btwn appearances of 2 successive generations (i.e. parent and offspring)
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| show | leydig cells --> stimulate testosterone release --> FSH
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| show | carbon
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| autotrophic bacteria | show 🗑
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| show | bacteria that derive carbon from organic nutrients like sugar
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| show | use sunlight to produce sugars from CO2
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| show | mito and chloroplasts
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| Rank severity of damage: nonsense, silent, missense | show 🗑
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| Where is rRNA produced? | show 🗑
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| show | nucleus
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| How many sets of tumor suppressor genes does each person have? | show 🗑
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| show | sucrose = glucose + fructose
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| show | NO
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| show | cytoplasm and cx membrane supplies erythrocytes
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| show | group of interbreeding individuals of same species isolated from similar groups of same species
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| fundamental niche | show 🗑
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| show | conditions individuals actually use to survive
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| show | NO
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| Type A blood makes antibodies against? | show 🗑
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| When a population undergoes bottleneck, what is genotype of population? | show 🗑
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| High degree of phenotypic plasticity? | show 🗑
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