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MCAT chem ch 1-3
Chemistry highlights for Princeton Review Chem ch 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Plank's Constant (h) | 6.63x10^-34 J*s |
| Speed of light (c) | 3x10^8 m/s |
| Equation for the Energy of a photon | hf or h*(c/wavelength) |
| Hund's rule | electrons in the same subshel occupy available orbitals singly, before pairing up |
| Aufbau principle | Electrons opccupy the lowest energy orbitals available |
| Pauli exclusion principle | no two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers |
| n,l,m(l),m(s) | n = shell numberl = subshell number (n-1)m(l) = orbital numberm(s) = +1/2; -1/2 |
| diamagnetic | has all electrons paired, repelled by magnetic field |
| paramagnetic | not fully paired electrons; attracted to magnetic field |
| H | Hydrogen, 1.0, 1 |
| He | Helium, 4.0, 2 |
| Li | Lithium, 6.9, 3 |
| Be | Berillium, 9.0, 4 |
| B | Boron, 10.8, 5 |
| C | Carbon, 12.0, 6 |
| N | Nitrogen, 14.0, 7 |
| O | Oxygen, 16.0, 8 |
| F | Fluorine, 19.0, 9 |
| Ne | Neon, 20.2, 10 |
| Na | Sodium, 23.0, 11 |
| Mg | Magnesium, 24.3, 12 |
| Al | Aluminum, 27.0, 13 |
| Si | Silicon, 28.1, 14 |
| P | Phosphorus, 31.0, 15 |
| S | Sulfer, 32.1, 16 |
| Cl | Chlorine, 35.5, 17 |
| A | Argon, 39.9, 18 |
| K | Potassium, 39.1, 19 |
| Ca | Calcium, 40.1, 20 |
| Cu | Copper, 63.5, 29 |
| Zn | Zinc 65.4, 30 |
| Fe | Iron, 55.8, 26 |
| Ag | Silver, 107.9, 47 |
| Au | Gold, 197.0, 79 |
| Pb | Lead, 207.2, 82 |
| Beta Decay (B-) | unstable nucleus contains too many neutrons; 1n-> 1p and 1e-; atomic number (z)increases by 1 but mass number stays the same [ex: 6C-> 7N + 1e-]; MOST COMMON FORM OF BETA DECAY |
| Beta Decay (B+) | unstable nucleus contains too few neutrons; 1p-> 1positron + n; atomic number (z) decreases by 1 but mass number stays the same [ex: 9F-> 8O + 1e+] |
| Alpha Decay (a) | nucleus becomes more stable by ejecting alpha particle (2p and 2n) {same as a helium molecule}; reduces atomic number (z) by 2 and the mass number by 4; Ex: (210, 84, Po) -> (206, 82 Pb) + (4, 2 alpha) |
| Electron Capture | nucleus combines an e- with a p to make a neutron; atomic number (z)decreases by 1, atomic number remains the same |
| Gamma Decay | an excited nucleus that has undergone beta or alpha decay relaxes by emitting energy in the form of 1 or more photons which have very high frequency and energy. Gamma decay penetrates matter most effectively, no mass, charge, or effect on z or n |
| mass defect | the mass of the combined nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of all its nucleons individually, stable nucleus will always have a positive mass defect |
| eV | electronvolts, 1eV= 1.6 x 10^-19 J, |
| 1kg = ?? Joules | 19 x 10^16 J |
| 1 amu = ??? kg | 1.66 x 10^-27 kg |
| Equation for mass-energy equivalence | E=mc^2 (in joules); or E= m(in amu) x 931.5 eV |
| Alkali metals | Group I ns^1 |
| Alkaline earth metals | Group II ns^2 |
| Halogens | Group VII ns^2np^5 |
| Transition metals | d block |
| Representative metals | p block (except for Group VIII) |
| Rare earth metals | f block |
| Noble gases | Group VIII ns^2 np^6 |
| the horizontal row on the periodic table | period |
| vertical column on the periodic table | group |
| Metalloids | elements that contain properties of both metals and non metals: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po |
| Atomic and Ionic Radius Trend | moving from left to right across a period, atomic radius decreases (b/c increasing numbers of protons pulls the electrons in stronger) going down a group atomic radii increases via increased shielding |
| Ionization energy (energy needed to remove an electron) trend | left to right ionization energy increasesb/c valence e- are bound tighter |
| Electron Affinity | halogens have large negative electron affinities, they readily accept electrons which causes E to be released |
| Electronegativity | F>O>N>CL>Br>I>S>C>H {Foncl Brisch} is a measure of an atoms ability to pull electrons to itself when it forms a covalent bond increases from left to right |
| Acidity | how well a compound donates protons, accepts electrons, or lowers pH. acidity increases from left to right, and increases as you go down a group |
| Formal Charge | FC= Valence - 1/2(Bonded) - number of lone pair electrons |
| coordinate covalent bond | one atom will donate both of the shared electrons in a bond |
| Lewis Acid | Accepts a pair of electrons |
| Lewis Base/Ligand | Donates a pair of electrons; must have a pair of nonbonding electrons to be a lewis base |
| Linear, Trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramid, octahedral | has no lone pairs of electrons on the central atom |
| Bent, trigonal pyramid, see-saw, square pyramid | has 1 pair of electrons on the central atom |
| Bent, T-shaped, Square planar | has 2 pairs of electrons on the central atom |
| Hybridization of Linear | sp |
| Hybridization of Trigonal Planar | sp^2 |
| Hybridization of Tetrahedral | sp^3 |
| Hybridization of Trigonal bipyramidal | sp^3 d |
| Hybridization of Octahedral | sp^3 d^2 |
| Heat of Transition ΔH | amount of energy required to complete a transition |
| q (heat) = n x ΔH{of a phase change} | If q and ΔH are positive heat is absorbed if negative heat is released |
| 1 Calorie = ??? Joules | 4.2 J ; is the amount of heat required to raise 1 g of water 1 degree |
| q (heat) = mCΔT | ... |
| specific heat | the higher the specific heat of a substance the better it holds on to absorbed heat |
| Temperature change is proportional to the heat absorbed, but inversely proportional to heat capcity | ... |
| During a phase transition tempature doesn't change the greater the value for the heat of transition the longer the flat line on a phase change diagram , Heat of Vap always > Heat of Fusion | ... |
| Triple point | is the temperature and pressure at which all three phases exist simultaneouly in equilibrium |
| critical point | marks the end of the liquid-gas boundary beyond this point a substance displays properties of both a liquid and a gas (supercritcal fluid) |
| supercritcal fluid | no amount of pressure can force the gas back into a liquid state |
Created by:
brianja33
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