Chapters 12-15
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| The most abundant are sodium and chloride ion. | Plasma Electrolytes
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| Patients with this condition have a tendency to bleed, due to a deficiency of platelets. | Leukemia
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| A test in which the percent of various types of WBC in a blood sample is determined. | Differential WBC Count
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| The most common type of WBC in a blood sample | Neutrophil
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| Its primary function is to act against foreign substances | Lymphocytes
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| They are the most active phagocytic cells among the WBCs | Neutrophils & Monocytes
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| This is important for the production of RBCs because it is used in the synthesis of DNA | Vitamin B
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| This condition is caused by an increased blood concentration of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) | Cyanosis
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| In the adult, RBC are produced primarily here | Red Bone Marrow
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| This greenish pigmnet is formed when hemoglobin molecules are decomposed | Biliverdin
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| This is a condition in which RBCs contain abnormal hemoglobin caused by mutation | Sickle Cell Disease
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| Biconcave cells in blood that lack nuclei when they are mature. | RBC
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| Abnormally low WBC Count | Leukopenia
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| The percentage of RBC is a sample of human blood, also known as hematocrit | 45%
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| This term is used to describe the stoppage of bleeding by any one of several means | Hemostasis
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| This can be prevented by treating RH-negative mothers with anti-Rh agglutinin | Erythroblastosis Fetalis
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| This blood test is used to evaluate blood clotting | Prothrombin
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| Iron is found in this molecule | Hemoglobin
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| These are cytoplasmic fragments of cells | Platelets
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| Its most important action is helping to maintain blood osmotic pressure | Plasma Albumins
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| This hormone, released from the kidneys, promotes the production of RBCs | Erythropoietin
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| A normal WBC count | 4,000-11,000 cells/microliter of blood
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| This serves as an enzyme in the blood coagulation mechanism | Thrombin
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| These RBCs have antigens A and B on their surfaces | Type AB blood
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| As a platelet plug forms, platelets release __________, a vasoconstricting substance | Serotonin
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| __________is the most common blood type in the US and has anti-A AND anti-B antibodies | Type O Blood
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| Vitamin B12 is important for the production of RBCs because it is utilized in the synthesis of __________ | DNA
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| A RBC is ________, containing no nucleus | Anuclear
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| People with type AB blood are often called universal___________ | Recipients
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| _________ is an agranular WBC | Monocyte
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| Nonprotein nitrogenous substnaces include what 4 things? | Amino Acids, Urea, Uric Acid, & Creatine
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| Blood is a type of ___________ tissue | Connective
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| Plasma contains _________, and serum does not | Fibrinogen
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| A clot that breaks loose and travels in the blood flow is called a(n)________ | Embolus
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| These two substances are useful for dissolving blood clots | Urokinase & Streptokinase
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| The basic event in the formation of a blood clot is the change from fibrinogen to _________ | Fibrin
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| _________ is the most abundant type of plasma protein | Albumin
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| __________,_________, and ________ are required in the formation of a blood clot | Calcium, Prothrombin, & Fibrinogen
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| A _________ ________ is formed when our bodies form the fibroblasts | Platelet plug
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| The clumping of RBCs that occurs when transfused blood is of incompatible type is called_________ | Agglutination
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| _________ usually account for the smallest percentage of WBCs in a blood sample | Basophils
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| When the left ventricle contracts, blood passes into the ________ | Aorta
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| The SA node relays nerve impluses into the AV bundle of the interventricular septum and ___________ is responsible for the rhythmic contractions of the heart | SA Node
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| The ________ of capillaries with a tissue varies directly with the tissue's rate of __________ | Density; Metabolism
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| Because net inward pressure in venular capillary ends, is less that net outward pressure at the arteriolar ends of capillaries, more fluid ________ the capillaries than ___________ | Leaves; Returns
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| Arteries are strong, elastic vessel that carry blood ________ _________ the heart | Away from
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| Osmotic pressure forces molecules in the blood _______ _________ the capillary walls | Back into
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| Venules contines from capillaries to form _______, which carry blood back to the atria | Veins
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| Veins function as blood reservoirs whenver BP _________ by venous walls constricting | Decreases
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| The BP in the systemic arteries is greatest during ___________ ____________ | Ventricular Systole
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| Contracting skeletal muscles help ________ blood to the heart | Return
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| The Aorta is part of the _________ circuit | Systemic
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| This occurs as the bicuspid vavles and tricuspid valves close | Ventricular Contraction
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| This indicates the impulses that travel from the SA node to the Purkinje Fibers | P-Q Interval
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| The greater the length of myocardial fibers, the greater the force with which they contract | Starling's Law
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| This is the depolarization of atrial muscle fibers | P Wave
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| Having excess of this ion will cause a decreased rate and decreased force of contraction | Potassium
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| These stimulate smooth muscle in artery and arteriole walls to contract | Sympathetic branches of the ANS
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| This drains from the wall of the heart into the right atrium | Coronary Sinus
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| The space between the parietal and visceral pericardial membranes | Pericardial Cavity
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| This divides near the brim of the pelvis to form the right and left Common Iliac arteries | Descending Aorta
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| Tissue that forms a loose-fitting sac around the heart | Fibrous Pericardium
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| The longest vein in the body | Great Sphenous Vein
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| Mass of interconnected cardiac muscle cells that act as a group | Functional Syncytium
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| This consists of fibrous connective tissue in the interventricular septum and encircling the heart valves | Skeleton of the Heart
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| These are in the blood capillaries and HELP to maintain the osmotic pressure of blood | Plasma Proteins
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| This is self-exciting tissue | SA Node
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| Fibers that secrete this substance, carry parasympathetic impulses and cause the heart rate to decrease | Acetylcholine
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| Blood from the face and scalp are drained by this blood vessel | External Jugular Vein
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| This sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs | Pulmonary Circuit
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| A patient presenting with an abnormally slow heart rate is also said to be experiencing | Bradycardia
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| The repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers in the myocardium | T Wave
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| Blood vessel that serves as a blood reservoir | Vein
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| Pain from a blockage in an artery that supplie the heart | Angina Pectoris
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| Blood vessels whose walls are thin enough to allow exchange of gases between the blood and tissue fluid | Capillaries
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| This supplies blood to the Myocardium | Coronary Arteries
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| Arteries, Veins, Capillaries, and the Heart consist together is what body system | Cardiovascular System
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| The correct sequence of parts that function to carry cardiac impulses (Conduction Pathway) | SA Node - AV Node - AV Bundle (Bundle of His)- Purkinje Fibers
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| Obesity, Smoking, Hypertension, and Lack of physcial activity are risk factors of what disease specific to the Cardiovascular System | Atherosclerosis
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| These are four branches of the Aorta | Brachial Sephalic Artery, Coronary Arteries, Left Subclavian Artery, and Celiac Artery
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| A normal immune response requires these cells | T Cells and B Cells
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| This makes DNA from viral RNA, in HIV infection | Reverse Transcriptase
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| This release histamine, as a result of an allergen-antibody reaction | Mast Cells
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| This is an example of a specific body defense mechanism | Immunity
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| Region of a lymph node through which blood vessel pass | Hilium
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| Two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks | Thoracic & Right Lymphatic
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| Most abundant type of immunoglobin | IgG
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| A vein is most similar to _______ of the Lymphatic System | Lymphatic Vessel
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| This is where excess fluid is kept from accumulating in tissue spaces | Lymphatic System
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| A substance that can stimulate a primary immune response, but is unable to produce the symptoms of a disease | Vaccine
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| Foreign or "non-self" proteins that trigger immune responses | Antigens
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| A blood reservoir, responds to low oxygen concentration, contains many machrophages, and resembles a large lymph node divided into nodules | Spleen
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| These are in the gamma globulin factions of plasma proteins | Immunoglobulins
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| During the primary immune response, B cells give rise to these cells | Plasma cells
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| A group of proteins that cells produce in response to viruses | Interferon
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| Cells in a lymph node that engulf and destroy danaged cell, foreign substances, and cellular debris | Macrophages
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| Movement of lymph through lymphatic vessels is caused largely by this | Muscular Activity
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| Neutrophils and Monocytes are the most active phagoctyic cells in ________ ___________ | Circulating blood
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| Type of resistance that is a response to contracting an infections disease | Naturally acquired active Immunity
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| A tissue fluid that has entered a lymphatic capillary | Lymph
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| Helper T cells release this substance | Cytokines
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| A group of lymphocytes that originate from a single early cell | Clone
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| Cells that are primarily responsible for immunity | Lymphocytes & Macrophages
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| These are responsible for immunity | T Lymphocytes
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| This disease infects macrophages | HIV
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| Disease-causing agents such as bacteria and viruses | Pathogens
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| These are four autoimmune disease | Systemic Lupis Erythematosus, Diabetes 1 Mellitus, Juvinile Rheumatoid Arthritis, & Multiple Sclerosis
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| AIDS is caused by a virus that attacks ________ _________ | DNA Enzymes
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| This is located in the mediastinum behind the sternum | Thymus
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| An immunoglobulin molecule is an antibody that B Cells ___________ | Secrete
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| In an autoimmune disease, the immune response is directed towards cells of ________ | The body (Self)
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| The spleen may _______ older RBCs | Destroy
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| During the primary immune response, B cells _______ ________ to plasma cells | Give rise
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| As a result of the allergen-antibody reaction, mast cells release this substance | Histamine
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| An injection of antibodies produces ________ immunity | Passive
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| A newborn infant may have some defenses against digestive and respiratory disturbances because of IgA obtained from its _______ _________ | Mother's Milk
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| In active immunity, a person becomes immune to a pathogen as a result of? | Having a disease
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| Following a primary immune response, the B cells and T cells that remain dormant but are able to respond to antigens encountered in the future are called __________ __________ | Memory Cells
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| The formation of lymph increases as a result of increasing ___________ pressure in tissue fluid | Osmotic
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| A patient that has had surgery to remove lymph nodes attached to a cancerous right breast in the axillary region may experience that her right arm becomes ___________ | Edematous
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| This is caused by deficiency of Lactase | Lactose Intolerance
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| Secretion is stimulated by the presence of proteins and fats in the small intestine | Cholecystokinin (CCK)
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| The diaphragm lowers during this event | Defacation Reflex
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| One of its major functions is to reabsorb water from chyme | Large Intestine
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| This is often caused by the conversion of trysinogen to trypsin | Acute pancreatitis
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| Due to weakness of the diaphragm | Hiatal Hernia
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| Sphincter muscle located between the small intestine and the larger intestine | Ileocecal Valve
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| Secreted in an inactive form and digests proteins | Enzymes
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| This results due to poor nutrition from lack of nutrients or failure to use them | Malnutrition
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| Usually composed of cholesterol | Gallstones
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| Location of the vomiting center in the brain | Medulla Oblongata
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| Secreted by stomach cells and increases the secretion by the gastric glands | Gastrin
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| Composed of peritoneal membrane | Greater Omentum
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| This would most likely affect digestion of lipids | Liver Damage
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| This is a double layered fold of peritoneum that suspends portions of the small intestine | Mesentery
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| This is a process by which bile breaks down fat globules | Emulsification
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| The percentage of calories in a person's diet derived from fats | 30%
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| This is characterized by a yellow-ish tinge to the tissues, due to an increased blood concentration of bile pigments | Jaundice
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| This is necessary for the normal absorption of Vitamin B12 from the small intestine | Intrinsic Factor
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| This is a protein splitting enzyme found in pancreatic juice | Trypsin
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| Constituent of bile with digestive functions | Bile Salts
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| Valves that controls the movement of food between the stomach and the small intestine | Pyloric Sphincter
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| These are large fixed, phagocytes in the lining of the hepatic sinusoids | Kupffer Cells
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| Plasma Proteins contain less than adequeate amounts of essential ______ __________ | Amino Acids
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| This secretes hydrochloric acid | Parietal Cells in Gastric Glands
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| This stimulates the release of pancreatic fluid | Secretin
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| This extends from the mouth to the anus | Alimentary Canal
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| This aids in the mixing movements in the alimentary canal by alternately contracting and relaxing nonadjacent segments | Segmentation
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| Teeth that are best adapted for biting off relatively large pieces of food | Incisors
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| Due to their location, swelling may interfere with breathing and swallowing | Palatine Tonsils
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| This system mechanically and chemically breaks down food for nutrient absorption | Digestive System
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| This digests carbhydrates | Salivary Amylase
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| Microorganisms promote this by metabolizing carbohydrates and releasing by-products that are acidic | Dental cavities
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| Lymph is where fat moleculs with longer chains of carbon atoms are transported from the ________ ________ | Small Intestine
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| This is a projection of the soft palate | Uvula
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| This occurs in the digestive tract from the pharynx to the anus | Peristalsis
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| This forms the urea, stores vitamin D, destroys damages RBCs, and forms glucose from non-carbohydrates | Liver
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| What is the correst sequence for the layers within the wall of the alimentary canal from inside to outside | Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscular, and Serosa
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| In this event the soft palate, larynx, and the hyoid bone are raised, the epligottis closes off the top of the trachea, the tongue presses against the uvula & soft palate, and the muscles pull the pharynx upward toward the food | Swallowing reflex
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| CCK, is a hormone released from the intestinal mucosa by the presence of fats, and stimulates the gallbladders to _________ and release bile into the duodenum | Contract
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| Peristalsis mixes food with digestive enzymes throught the ____________ alimentary canal | Entire
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| The cecum, is located at the beginning of the ____________ colon | Ascending
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| ___________ a fat-soluble vitmain is not destroyed by cooking | Vitamin E
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| Bile is composed of HCL, pepsin, mucus, and the _________ factor in the small intestine | Intrinsic
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| The movement of chyme through the small intestine is increased by parasympathetic impulses and is inhibited by ________ impulses | Sympathetic
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| The main part of the stomach is called the ______________ | Body
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| The gallbladder is connected to the common bile duct by the ______ duct | Cystic
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| Food passing from the stomach through the small intestine first passess in to the duodenum, then the jejunum, and lastly the ____________ | Ileum
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| Lymph _________- fat molecules with longer chains of carbon atoms away from the small intestine | Transports
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| The epithelial cells that form the inner linging of the small intestine are replaces every ________ days | Few
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| Bile salts function as digestive enzymes to break down __________ | Carbohydrates
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