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A&P Theory Midterm
Chapters 12-15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The most abundant are sodium and chloride ion. | Plasma Electrolytes |
| Patients with this condition have a tendency to bleed, due to a deficiency of platelets. | Leukemia |
| A test in which the percent of various types of WBC in a blood sample is determined. | Differential WBC Count |
| The most common type of WBC in a blood sample | Neutrophil |
| Its primary function is to act against foreign substances | Lymphocytes |
| They are the most active phagocytic cells among the WBCs | Neutrophils & Monocytes |
| This is important for the production of RBCs because it is used in the synthesis of DNA | Vitamin B |
| This condition is caused by an increased blood concentration of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) | Cyanosis |
| In the adult, RBC are produced primarily here | Red Bone Marrow |
| This greenish pigmnet is formed when hemoglobin molecules are decomposed | Biliverdin |
| This is a condition in which RBCs contain abnormal hemoglobin caused by mutation | Sickle Cell Disease |
| Biconcave cells in blood that lack nuclei when they are mature. | RBC |
| Abnormally low WBC Count | Leukopenia |
| The percentage of RBC is a sample of human blood, also known as hematocrit | 45% |
| This term is used to describe the stoppage of bleeding by any one of several means | Hemostasis |
| This can be prevented by treating RH-negative mothers with anti-Rh agglutinin | Erythroblastosis Fetalis |
| This blood test is used to evaluate blood clotting | Prothrombin |
| Iron is found in this molecule | Hemoglobin |
| These are cytoplasmic fragments of cells | Platelets |
| Its most important action is helping to maintain blood osmotic pressure | Plasma Albumins |
| This hormone, released from the kidneys, promotes the production of RBCs | Erythropoietin |
| A normal WBC count | 4,000-11,000 cells/microliter of blood |
| This serves as an enzyme in the blood coagulation mechanism | Thrombin |
| These RBCs have antigens A and B on their surfaces | Type AB blood |
| As a platelet plug forms, platelets release __________, a vasoconstricting substance | Serotonin |
| __________is the most common blood type in the US and has anti-A AND anti-B antibodies | Type O Blood |
| Vitamin B12 is important for the production of RBCs because it is utilized in the synthesis of __________ | DNA |
| A RBC is ________, containing no nucleus | Anuclear |
| People with type AB blood are often called universal___________ | Recipients |
| _________ is an agranular WBC | Monocyte |
| Nonprotein nitrogenous substnaces include what 4 things? | Amino Acids, Urea, Uric Acid, & Creatine |
| Blood is a type of ___________ tissue | Connective |
| Plasma contains _________, and serum does not | Fibrinogen |
| A clot that breaks loose and travels in the blood flow is called a(n)________ | Embolus |
| These two substances are useful for dissolving blood clots | Urokinase & Streptokinase |
| The basic event in the formation of a blood clot is the change from fibrinogen to _________ | Fibrin |
| _________ is the most abundant type of plasma protein | Albumin |
| __________,_________, and ________ are required in the formation of a blood clot | Calcium, Prothrombin, & Fibrinogen |
| A _________ ________ is formed when our bodies form the fibroblasts | Platelet plug |
| The clumping of RBCs that occurs when transfused blood is of incompatible type is called_________ | Agglutination |
| _________ usually account for the smallest percentage of WBCs in a blood sample | Basophils |
| When the left ventricle contracts, blood passes into the ________ | Aorta |
| The SA node relays nerve impluses into the AV bundle of the interventricular septum and ___________ is responsible for the rhythmic contractions of the heart | SA Node |
| The ________ of capillaries with a tissue varies directly with the tissue's rate of __________ | Density; Metabolism |
| Because net inward pressure in venular capillary ends, is less that net outward pressure at the arteriolar ends of capillaries, more fluid ________ the capillaries than ___________ | Leaves; Returns |
| Arteries are strong, elastic vessel that carry blood ________ _________ the heart | Away from |
| Osmotic pressure forces molecules in the blood _______ _________ the capillary walls | Back into |
| Venules contines from capillaries to form _______, which carry blood back to the atria | Veins |
| Veins function as blood reservoirs whenver BP _________ by venous walls constricting | Decreases |
| The BP in the systemic arteries is greatest during ___________ ____________ | Ventricular Systole |
| Contracting skeletal muscles help ________ blood to the heart | Return |
| The Aorta is part of the _________ circuit | Systemic |
| This occurs as the bicuspid vavles and tricuspid valves close | Ventricular Contraction |
| This indicates the impulses that travel from the SA node to the Purkinje Fibers | P-Q Interval |
| The greater the length of myocardial fibers, the greater the force with which they contract | Starling's Law |
| This is the depolarization of atrial muscle fibers | P Wave |
| Having excess of this ion will cause a decreased rate and decreased force of contraction | Potassium |
| These stimulate smooth muscle in artery and arteriole walls to contract | Sympathetic branches of the ANS |
| This drains from the wall of the heart into the right atrium | Coronary Sinus |
| The space between the parietal and visceral pericardial membranes | Pericardial Cavity |
| This divides near the brim of the pelvis to form the right and left Common Iliac arteries | Descending Aorta |
| Tissue that forms a loose-fitting sac around the heart | Fibrous Pericardium |
| The longest vein in the body | Great Sphenous Vein |
| Mass of interconnected cardiac muscle cells that act as a group | Functional Syncytium |
| This consists of fibrous connective tissue in the interventricular septum and encircling the heart valves | Skeleton of the Heart |
| These are in the blood capillaries and HELP to maintain the osmotic pressure of blood | Plasma Proteins |
| This is self-exciting tissue | SA Node |
| Fibers that secrete this substance, carry parasympathetic impulses and cause the heart rate to decrease | Acetylcholine |
| Blood from the face and scalp are drained by this blood vessel | External Jugular Vein |
| This sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs | Pulmonary Circuit |
| A patient presenting with an abnormally slow heart rate is also said to be experiencing | Bradycardia |
| The repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers in the myocardium | T Wave |
| Blood vessel that serves as a blood reservoir | Vein |
| Pain from a blockage in an artery that supplie the heart | Angina Pectoris |
| Blood vessels whose walls are thin enough to allow exchange of gases between the blood and tissue fluid | Capillaries |
| This supplies blood to the Myocardium | Coronary Arteries |
| Arteries, Veins, Capillaries, and the Heart consist together is what body system | Cardiovascular System |
| The correct sequence of parts that function to carry cardiac impulses (Conduction Pathway) | SA Node - AV Node - AV Bundle (Bundle of His)- Purkinje Fibers |
| Obesity, Smoking, Hypertension, and Lack of physcial activity are risk factors of what disease specific to the Cardiovascular System | Atherosclerosis |
| These are four branches of the Aorta | Brachial Sephalic Artery, Coronary Arteries, Left Subclavian Artery, and Celiac Artery |
| A normal immune response requires these cells | T Cells and B Cells |
| This makes DNA from viral RNA, in HIV infection | Reverse Transcriptase |
| This release histamine, as a result of an allergen-antibody reaction | Mast Cells |
| This is an example of a specific body defense mechanism | Immunity |
| Region of a lymph node through which blood vessel pass | Hilium |
| Two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks | Thoracic & Right Lymphatic |
| Most abundant type of immunoglobin | IgG |
| A vein is most similar to _______ of the Lymphatic System | Lymphatic Vessel |
| This is where excess fluid is kept from accumulating in tissue spaces | Lymphatic System |
| A substance that can stimulate a primary immune response, but is unable to produce the symptoms of a disease | Vaccine |
| Foreign or "non-self" proteins that trigger immune responses | Antigens |
| A blood reservoir, responds to low oxygen concentration, contains many machrophages, and resembles a large lymph node divided into nodules | Spleen |
| These are in the gamma globulin factions of plasma proteins | Immunoglobulins |
| During the primary immune response, B cells give rise to these cells | Plasma cells |
| A group of proteins that cells produce in response to viruses | Interferon |
| Cells in a lymph node that engulf and destroy danaged cell, foreign substances, and cellular debris | Macrophages |
| Movement of lymph through lymphatic vessels is caused largely by this | Muscular Activity |
| Neutrophils and Monocytes are the most active phagoctyic cells in ________ ___________ | Circulating blood |
| Type of resistance that is a response to contracting an infections disease | Naturally acquired active Immunity |
| A tissue fluid that has entered a lymphatic capillary | Lymph |
| Helper T cells release this substance | Cytokines |
| A group of lymphocytes that originate from a single early cell | Clone |
| Cells that are primarily responsible for immunity | Lymphocytes & Macrophages |
| These are responsible for immunity | T Lymphocytes |
| This disease infects macrophages | HIV |
| Disease-causing agents such as bacteria and viruses | Pathogens |
| These are four autoimmune disease | Systemic Lupis Erythematosus, Diabetes 1 Mellitus, Juvinile Rheumatoid Arthritis, & Multiple Sclerosis |
| AIDS is caused by a virus that attacks ________ _________ | DNA Enzymes |
| This is located in the mediastinum behind the sternum | Thymus |
| An immunoglobulin molecule is an antibody that B Cells ___________ | Secrete |
| In an autoimmune disease, the immune response is directed towards cells of ________ | The body (Self) |
| The spleen may _______ older RBCs | Destroy |
| During the primary immune response, B cells _______ ________ to plasma cells | Give rise |
| As a result of the allergen-antibody reaction, mast cells release this substance | Histamine |
| An injection of antibodies produces ________ immunity | Passive |
| A newborn infant may have some defenses against digestive and respiratory disturbances because of IgA obtained from its _______ _________ | Mother's Milk |
| In active immunity, a person becomes immune to a pathogen as a result of? | Having a disease |
| Following a primary immune response, the B cells and T cells that remain dormant but are able to respond to antigens encountered in the future are called __________ __________ | Memory Cells |
| The formation of lymph increases as a result of increasing ___________ pressure in tissue fluid | Osmotic |
| A patient that has had surgery to remove lymph nodes attached to a cancerous right breast in the axillary region may experience that her right arm becomes ___________ | Edematous |
| This is caused by deficiency of Lactase | Lactose Intolerance |
| Secretion is stimulated by the presence of proteins and fats in the small intestine | Cholecystokinin (CCK) |
| The diaphragm lowers during this event | Defacation Reflex |
| One of its major functions is to reabsorb water from chyme | Large Intestine |
| This is often caused by the conversion of trysinogen to trypsin | Acute pancreatitis |
| Due to weakness of the diaphragm | Hiatal Hernia |
| Sphincter muscle located between the small intestine and the larger intestine | Ileocecal Valve |
| Secreted in an inactive form and digests proteins | Enzymes |
| This results due to poor nutrition from lack of nutrients or failure to use them | Malnutrition |
| Usually composed of cholesterol | Gallstones |
| Location of the vomiting center in the brain | Medulla Oblongata |
| Secreted by stomach cells and increases the secretion by the gastric glands | Gastrin |
| Composed of peritoneal membrane | Greater Omentum |
| This would most likely affect digestion of lipids | Liver Damage |
| This is a double layered fold of peritoneum that suspends portions of the small intestine | Mesentery |
| This is a process by which bile breaks down fat globules | Emulsification |
| The percentage of calories in a person's diet derived from fats | 30% |
| This is characterized by a yellow-ish tinge to the tissues, due to an increased blood concentration of bile pigments | Jaundice |
| This is necessary for the normal absorption of Vitamin B12 from the small intestine | Intrinsic Factor |
| This is a protein splitting enzyme found in pancreatic juice | Trypsin |
| Constituent of bile with digestive functions | Bile Salts |
| Valves that controls the movement of food between the stomach and the small intestine | Pyloric Sphincter |
| These are large fixed, phagocytes in the lining of the hepatic sinusoids | Kupffer Cells |
| Plasma Proteins contain less than adequeate amounts of essential ______ __________ | Amino Acids |
| This secretes hydrochloric acid | Parietal Cells in Gastric Glands |
| This stimulates the release of pancreatic fluid | Secretin |
| This extends from the mouth to the anus | Alimentary Canal |
| This aids in the mixing movements in the alimentary canal by alternately contracting and relaxing nonadjacent segments | Segmentation |
| Teeth that are best adapted for biting off relatively large pieces of food | Incisors |
| Due to their location, swelling may interfere with breathing and swallowing | Palatine Tonsils |
| This system mechanically and chemically breaks down food for nutrient absorption | Digestive System |
| This digests carbhydrates | Salivary Amylase |
| Microorganisms promote this by metabolizing carbohydrates and releasing by-products that are acidic | Dental cavities |
| Lymph is where fat moleculs with longer chains of carbon atoms are transported from the ________ ________ | Small Intestine |
| This is a projection of the soft palate | Uvula |
| This occurs in the digestive tract from the pharynx to the anus | Peristalsis |
| This forms the urea, stores vitamin D, destroys damages RBCs, and forms glucose from non-carbohydrates | Liver |
| What is the correst sequence for the layers within the wall of the alimentary canal from inside to outside | Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscular, and Serosa |
| In this event the soft palate, larynx, and the hyoid bone are raised, the epligottis closes off the top of the trachea, the tongue presses against the uvula & soft palate, and the muscles pull the pharynx upward toward the food | Swallowing reflex |
| CCK, is a hormone released from the intestinal mucosa by the presence of fats, and stimulates the gallbladders to _________ and release bile into the duodenum | Contract |
| Peristalsis mixes food with digestive enzymes throught the ____________ alimentary canal | Entire |
| The cecum, is located at the beginning of the ____________ colon | Ascending |
| ___________ a fat-soluble vitmain is not destroyed by cooking | Vitamin E |
| Bile is composed of HCL, pepsin, mucus, and the _________ factor in the small intestine | Intrinsic |
| The movement of chyme through the small intestine is increased by parasympathetic impulses and is inhibited by ________ impulses | Sympathetic |
| The main part of the stomach is called the ______________ | Body |
| The gallbladder is connected to the common bile duct by the ______ duct | Cystic |
| Food passing from the stomach through the small intestine first passess in to the duodenum, then the jejunum, and lastly the ____________ | Ileum |
| Lymph _________- fat molecules with longer chains of carbon atoms away from the small intestine | Transports |
| The epithelial cells that form the inner linging of the small intestine are replaces every ________ days | Few |
| Bile salts function as digestive enzymes to break down __________ | Carbohydrates |
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