EKG NHA Certification Exam
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| hollow muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs just behind the sternum | show 🗑
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| show | endocardium
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| show | myocardium
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| show | epicardium
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| sac in which the heart is contained | show 🗑
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| right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle | show 🗑
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| receives deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the body via the superior vena cava which carries blood from the upper body and the inferior vena cava which carries blood from the lower body | show 🗑
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| show | right ventricle
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| only arteries in the body that carry deoxygentated blood | show 🗑
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| receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs via the right and left pulmonary veins | show 🗑
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| show | pulmonary veins
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| receives the oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta | show 🗑
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| show | aorta
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| purpose is to prevent back flow of blood thereby assuring unidirectional flow though the heart | show 🗑
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| show | atrioventricular (AV) valves
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| pulmonic valve and aortic valve; shaped like half moon cusps | show 🗑
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| located between the right atrium and the right ventricle and has three cusps | show 🗑
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| show | mitral valve
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| show | pulmonic valve
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| located between the left ventricle and aorta | show 🗑
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| show | heart murmurs
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| produced by the closure of the valves | show 🗑
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| first heart sound is due to the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves | show 🗑
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| show | S2 or dupp
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| arteries are the right and left coronary from the aorta; veins accompany the arteries and terminate in the right atrium | show 🗑
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| heart is influenced by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) which is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems | show 🗑
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| affectys both the atria and ventricles by increasing heart rate, conduction, and irritability | show 🗑
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| affects the atria only by decreasing heart rate, conduction, and irritability | show 🗑
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| show | automaticity, excitability, conductivity, and contractility
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| show | automaticity
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| sites that possess automaticity | show 🗑
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| show | excitability
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| ability of all cardiac cells to receive an electrical stimulus and transmit the stimulus to other cardiac cells | show 🗑
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| ability of cardiac cells to shorten and cause cardiac muscle contraction in response to an electrical stimulus; can be enhanced by medications such as digitalis, dopamine, and epinephrine | show 🗑
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| charge of resting cardiac cells inside as compared to outside | show 🗑
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| when a cardiac cell is stimulated and sodium ions rush into the cell and potassium leaks out changing the charge within the cell to positive; results in contraction; flows from the endocardium to the myocardium to the epicardium | show 🗑
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| show | repolarization
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| show | conduction system of the heart
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| found in the upper posterior portion of the right atrial wall just below the opening of the superior vena cava; primary pacemaker of the heart with a normal firing rate of 60-100 beats per minute | show 🗑
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| AV node and Bundle of His | show 🗑
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| located at the posterior septal wall of the right atrium just above the tricuspid valve; one tenth of a second delay of electrical activity to allow blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles | show 🗑
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| found at the superior portion of the interventricular septum; pathway that leads out of the SA node; able to initiate electrical impulses with an intrinsic firing rate of 40-60 beats per minute | show 🗑
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| located at the interventricular septum; divides in the the right and left bundle branches; functions to conduct the electrical impulse to the Purkinje fibers | show 🗑
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| show | Purkinje fibers
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| Consist of three bipolar leads and three augmented leads. These leads record electrical potentials in the frontal plane. | show 🗑
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| show | Bipolar Standard Leads
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| the left arm is positive and the right arm is negative. (LA - RA) | show 🗑
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| the left leg is positive and the right arm is negative.(LL-RA) | show 🗑
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| show | Lead III
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| They are designated as aVR, aVL, and aVF. These leads are unipolar and they require only one electrode from one limb to make a lead. The EKG machine uses a midpoint between the two other limbs as a negative reference point | show 🗑
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| show | Lead aVR
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| show | Lead aVL
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| the left leg (or foot) is positive and the other limbs are negative | show 🗑
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| show | Unipolar Precordial Leads
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| show | V1
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| show | V2
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| show | V3
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| show | V4
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| Fifth intercostal space, anterior axillary line | show 🗑
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| Fifth intercostal space, midaxillary line | show 🗑
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| show | routine EKG
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| show | EKG grid
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| show | horizontal axis
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| show | vertical axis
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| show | waveform
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| line between two waveforms | show 🗑
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| waveform plus a segment | show 🗑
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| show | complex
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| show | normal electrocardiogram complexes
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| deflection produced by atrial depolarization; does not exceed 0.1 Is in duration or 2.5mm in height in standard, limb, and precordial leads | show 🗑
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| atrial activation | show 🗑
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| ventricular activation | show 🗑
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| show | T wave and U wave
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| represents ventricular depolarization (activation). The ventricle is depolarized from the endocardium to the myocardium, to the epicardium. | show 🗑
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| show | Q wave
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| the first positive deflection produced by ventricular depolarization | show 🗑
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| the first negative deflection produced by the ventricular depolarization that follows the first positive deflection, (R) wave | show 🗑
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| show | T wave
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| show | U wave
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| interval between two R waves | show 🗑
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| P wave plus the PR segment. The normal interval is 0.12 - 0.2 sec | show 🗑
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| represents ventricular depolarization time. It should be no more than 0.1 sec. in the limb leads and 0.11 sec. in the precordial leads | show 🗑
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| show | PR segment
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| point at which QRS complex ends and ST segment begins | show 🗑
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| from J point to the onset of the T wave | show 🗑
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| show | artifacts
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| patient's tremors or shaking the wires can produce jittery patterns on the EKG tracing. | show 🗑
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| sweat or lotion on the patient's skin or tension on the electrode wires can interfere with the signal going to the EKG apparatus causing the baseline of the tracing to move up and down on the EKG paper | show 🗑
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| show | 60-cycle interference
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| the stylus goes up and down trying to find the signal. This can be caused by loose electrode or cables or by frayed or broken wires | show 🗑
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| show | patient should be lying on a comfortable bed or table large enough to support the
entire body;good contact between the skin and the electrode; EKG machine must be properly standardized; proper grounding; no patient contact with electronic equipment
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| A noninvasive diagnostic procedure to determine the presence and severity of coronary artery disease | show 🗑
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| show | • Evaluation of chest pain in patient with normal EKG.
• Evaluation of patient who has recently had a myocardial infarction.
• Diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias.
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| What are some indications for terminating a stress test? | show 🗑
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| exercise stress test | show 🗑
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| pharmocologic stress test | show 🗑
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| show | Arrhythmias of sinus origin,Ectopic rhythms, Conduction blocks, Preexcitation syndromes
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| Arrhythmias of sinus origin | show 🗑
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| show | electrical impulses originate from somewhere else other than the sinus
node.
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| show | electrical impulses go down the usual pathway but encounter blocks
and delays.
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| Preexcitation syndromes | show 🗑
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| show | occurs when there is a decrease in the amount of blood flow to a section of the heart. This is usually experienced as chest pain and discomfort and is called angina
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| show | refers to the actual death of the myocardial cells
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| show | abnormal Q waves (Q waves are >1 mm (0.04 second) wide and the height is greater than 25% of the height of the R wave in that lead) combined with changes in T waves and ST segments
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| What is the World Health Organization creiteria for the diagnosis of MI? | show 🗑
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| show | enables the evaluation of the patient's heart rate, rhythm, and QRST morphology during the usual daily activities
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| Holter monitor | show 🗑
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| show | Two exploring electrodes are placed over bone near the VI
and V5; Two indifferent electrodes placed over the manubrium; One ground electrode placed over the 9th or 10th rib at the right midaxillary line
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| What indicates a positive Holter? | show 🗑
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| What indicates a negative Holter? | show 🗑
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| show | Incomplete tape erasure; Tape drag within the apparatus; Battery depletion; Loose connection; Movement of electrodes
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| show | Incomplete tape erasure
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| show | Tape drag within the apparatus
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| show | Battery depletion
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| show | Loose connection
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| show | Movement of electrodes
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| What is event monitoring (event recorder)? | show 🗑
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| show | oxygen, epinephrine, isoproterenol (Isuprel), dopamine (Intropin), beta blockers (Propranolol, Metoprolol, Atenolol, and Esmolol), licodaine, verapamil, digitalis, morphine sulfate, and nitroglycerin
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| show | Oxygen should be given to all patients with acute chest pain that may be due to cardiac ischemia, suspected hypoxemia of any cause, and cardiopulmonary arrest. Prompt treatment of the hypoxemia may prevent cardiac arrest
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| How is epinephrine used as a pharmacological cardiovascular agent? | show 🗑
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| show | Isoproterenol produces an overall increase in heart rate and myocardial contractility, but newer agents have replaced it in most clinical settings. It is contraindicated in the routine treatment of cardiac arrest
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| show | indicated for significant hypotension in the absence of hypovolemia; significant hypotension =systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg, poor tissue perfusion, oliguria, or changes in mental status.
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| show | reduce heart rate, blood pressure, myocardial contractility and oxygen consumption; effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension; useful in preventing atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and paroxysmal supra-ventricular tachycardia.
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| show | hypotension, congestive heart failure and broncho-spasm.
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| show | drug of choice for the suppression of ventricular ectopy, including ventricular tachycardia and ventricular flutter.
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| What are the adverse effect of lidocaine? | show 🗑
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| How is verapamil used as a pharmacological cardiovascular agent? | show 🗑
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| How is digitalis used as a pharmacological cardiovascular agent? | show 🗑
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| show | yellow vision, nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness
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| How is morphine sulfate used as a pharmacological cardiovascular agent? | show 🗑
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| show | powerful smooth muscle relaxant effective in relieving angina pectoris. It is effective for both exertional and rest angina
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| consent given by the patient who is made aware of any procedure to be performed, its risks, expected outcomes, and alternatives | show 🗑
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| key concept of HIPAA. All patients have a right to privacy and all information should remain privileged | show 🗑
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| show | Negligence
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| What are the four elements of negligence(4 Ds? | show 🗑
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| show | Tort
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| show | battery, invasion of privacy, and defamation of character
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| show | battery
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| show | invasion of privacy
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| show | defamation of character
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| Good Samaritan Law | show 🗑
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| show | consists of links, each of which is necessary for the infectious disease to spread. Infection control is based on the fact that the transmission of infectious diseases will be prevented or stopped when any level in the chain is broken or interrupted
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| What are the links in the chain of infection? | show 🗑
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| show | Agents
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| method by which an infectious agent leaves its reservoir | show 🗑
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| specific ways in which microorganisms travel from the reservoir to the susceptible host | show 🗑
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| show | Contact: direct and indirect
Droplet
Airborne
Common vehicle
Vectorborne
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| allows the infectious agent access to the susceptible host | show 🗑
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| What are considered common portals of entry? | show 🗑
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| What methods can limit the transmission of the infectious agents? | show 🗑
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| show | Susceptible host
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| the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms after they leave the body; involves environmental hygiene measures such as equipment cleaning and disinfection procedures. Methods are Standard Precautions and Transmission-Based Precautions. | show 🗑
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| the most important means of preventing the spread of infection | show 🗑
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| Protective clothing | show 🗑
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| show | •Masks
•Goggles
•Face Shields
•Respirator.
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| show | standard precautions
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| When should Standard Precautions be used? | show 🗑
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| What are the standard precautions? | show 🗑
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| second tier of precautions and are to be used when the patient is known or suspected of being infected with contagious disease. They are to be used in addition to standard precautions | show 🗑
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| What are the categories of isolation? | show 🗑
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| show | contact precautions
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| show | airborne precautions
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| designed to reduce the risk of droplet transmission of infectious agents; involves contact with mucous membranes of the nose or mouth of a susceptible person with large-particle droplets generated during coughing, sneezing, or talking | show 🗑
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