Nutrition, Metabolism & Body Temperature Regulation
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| show | the chemical energy form used by cells to drive their many activities
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| show | kilocalories
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| show | amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1C & is the unit conscientiously counted by dieters
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| major nutrients are | show 🗑
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| what is a nutrient | show 🗑
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| show | cannot be made by such interconversions & must be provided by the diet
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| show | a polysaccharide plentiful in most vegetables, not digested by humans but provides roughage or fiber
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| glucose | show 🗑
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| show | gructose & galactose (converted to glucose by the liver before they enter the general circulation)
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| when glucose is present in excess of what the body needs for ATP synthesis, it is | show 🗑
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| what is the current recommendation of charbohydrates daily | show 🗑
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| show | empty calories
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| what are the major sources of unsaturated fats | show 🗑
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| major sources of cholesterol are | show 🗑
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| the liver cannot synthesize | show 🗑
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| an example of an essential fatty acid is | show 🗑
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| show | (1) protective cushion around body organs such as kidneys & eyeballs (2) insulating layer beneath the skin (3) easy-to-store concentrated source of energy fuel
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| show | regulatory molecules; plays a role in smooth muscle contraction, control of blood pressure & inflammation
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| how are prostaglandins formed | show 🗑
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| why is cholesterol important | show 🗑
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| show | no more than 200 mg (the amount of one egg yolk)
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| name two drawbacks to most fat substitutes | show 🗑
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| show | they meet all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenace & growth
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| what is the importance of proteins in the body? | show 🗑
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| show | all a.a. needed to bake a particular protein must be present in a cell @ the same time; if one is missing protein will not be made
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| show | b.c. essential amino acids cannot be stored, therefore those not used immediately to build proteins are oxidized for energy or converted to carbohydrates or fats
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| what happens if the diet does not supply sufficient carbohydrate or fat calories for ATP production | show 🗑
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| show | 16%
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| show | when the amount of nitrogen ingested in proteins equals the amount excreted in urine & feces
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| show | when protein synthesis exceeds protein breakdown & loss (normal in growing children & pregnant women); also occurs when tissues are being rebuilt or repaired following illness or injury
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| what does a positive nitrogen balance always indicate | show 🗑
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| a negative nitrogen balance is | show 🗑
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| show | during physcal & emotional stress (infection, injury, burns, depression or anxiety) during starvation
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| show | they accelerate protein synthesis & growth
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| show | pituitary growth hormone stimulates tissue growth during childhood & conserves protein in adults
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| give another example | show 🗑
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| most vitamins function as ____ | show 🗑
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| show | they help the body to use those nutrients that do; w.o. them all carbs, proteins & fats would be useless
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| where is vitamin D made | show 🗑
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| show | B & K
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| show | as fat soluble or water soluble
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| show | B-complex vitamins & vitamin C
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| what are water souble vitamins | show 🗑
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| show | excreted in urine
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| show | A, D, E, K
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| show | they bind to ingested lipids & are absorbed along w. their digestion products
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| show | anything that interferes w. fat absorption
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| what are antioxidants | show 🗑
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| what are examples of antioxidants? | show 🗑
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| show | calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride & magnesium
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| what is the purpose of calcium, phosphorus & magnesium salts | show 🗑
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| show | are inonized in body fluids or bound to organic compounds to form molecules such as phospholipids, hormones, enzymes & other functional proteins
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| give an example of how this works | show 🗑
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| show | synthetic; includes reactions in which larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones; ex. bonding of amino acids to make proteins & of proteins & lipids to form cell membranes
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| catabolism | show 🗑
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| show | primary function is to generate ATP, which traps some of the chemical energy of the original food molecules in its own high-energy bons; group of reactions which food fuels (particularly glucose) are broken down within cells & some of the energy released
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| phosphorylated | show 🗑
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| what does phosphorylation do | show 🗑
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| show | the energy-yielding (ATP-yeilding) reactions within cells;
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| show | via the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen
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| when on substance loses electrons it is | show 🗑
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| when one substance gains electrons it is | show 🗑
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| redox reactions means that | show 🗑
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| dehydrogenase | show 🗑
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| show | those catalyzing the transfer of oxygen
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| show | act as reversible hydrogen (or electron) acceptors, becoming reduced each time a substrate is oxidized
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| show | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; based on niacin
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| show | flavin adenine dinucleotide; derived from riboflavin
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| substrate-level phosphorylation | show 🗑
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| the enzymes catalyzing substrat-level phosphorylation are located in both the | show 🗑
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| show | releases most of the energy that is eventually captured in ATP bonds during cellular respiration
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| show | by electron transport proteins forming part of the cristae membranes in the mitochondria
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| chemiosmotic process | show 🗑
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| ATP synthase | show 🗑
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| show | glucose-6-phosphate
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| show | "sugar spliting"; 10 chemical steps;
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| show | two pyruvic acid molecules; yielding a net gain of 2 ATP per glucose molecule; 2 moecules of reduced NAD+
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| show | in the cytosol of cells, where its steps are catalyzed by specific soluble enzymes
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| what type of process is glycolysis | show 🗑
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| In step 1 of glycolysis ATP is | show 🗑
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| show | all except the 1st one
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| show | 1. sugar activation 2. sugar cleavage 3. oxidation & ATP formation
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| what's going on during the 2nd stage | show 🗑
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| lactic acid is the production yeild of | show 🗑
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| when glucose is completely oxidized how many ATP/glucose molecues are harvested | show 🗑
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| where does the Krebs cycle occur? | show 🗑
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| show | to convert it to acetyl CoA
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| show | when one of the pyruvic acid's carbons is removed & released as carbon dioxide gas (a waste product of metabolism) CO2 diffuses out of the cells into the blood to be expelled by the lungs
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| 2)oxidation | show 🗑
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| show | by combining the resulting acetic acid w. coenzyme A
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| what is coenzyme Al | show 🗑
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| keto acids | show 🗑
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| what are the products of the Krebs Cycle/Citric acid cycle | show 🗑
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| electon transport chain | show 🗑
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| show | the hydrogens removed during the oxidation of food fuels are finally combined w. molecular oxygen, & the eergy released during those reactions is harnessed to attach inorganic phosphate groups (Pi) to ADP
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| show | proteins bound to metal atoms
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| where do flavins derive from | show 🗑
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| list the sequence energy flows during cellular respiration | show 🗑
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| show | 24 & 4 ATPs
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| the 2 NADH + H+ generated during glycolysis yields how many ATP molecules | show 🗑
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| show | 38 or 36 molecules of ATP
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| glycogenesis | show 🗑
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| show | when glucose entering cells is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate & the coverted innto its isomer, glucose-1-phosphate
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| show | occurs when blood levels of glucose drop, glycoge lysis or splitting occurs
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| show | the initial phase of fatty acid oxidation, ocurs in the mitochondria
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| glyceraldehyde is equal to | show 🗑
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| lipogenesis | show 🗑
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| show | (fat-splitting); the breakdown of stored fats into glycerol & fatty acids, essentially lipogenesis in reverse
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| Before amino acids can be oxidized for energy they must be | show 🗑
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| show | dynnamic catabolic-anabolic state
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| show | 1) fats & carbohydrates are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy, whereas a.a. can be used to supply energy only after being converted to a carbohydrate intermediate (keto acid) 2) excess carb. & fat can be stored as such, whereas excess aa are no
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| show | fed state; the time during & shortly after eating, when nutrients are flushing into the bloodstream fm the gastorintestinal tract
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| postabsorptive (fasting) state | show 🗑
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| show | insulin release
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| what type of hormone is insulin | show 🗑
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| glucose sparinng | show 🗑
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| show | insulin antagonist
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| show | hyperglycemic hormone; promotes a rise in blood glucose; targets the liver & adipose tissue
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| increasing blood sugar levels trigger | show 🗑
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| which "pushes"___ into the cells | show 🗑
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| show | decline
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| show | glucagon
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| which ___ | show 🗑
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| growth hormonne secretion is enhanced by | show 🗑
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| show | 1) packages fatty acids into forms that ca be stored or transported 2) synthesizes plasma proteins 3) forms nonessential aa & convertes ammonia resulting from their deamination to urea a less toxic excretory product 4)stores glucose as glycogen & regulate
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| cholesterol | show 🗑
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| chylomicrons | show 🗑
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| show | to transport cholesterol tot he peripheral tissues, makinng it available tot he tissue cells for membrane or hormone synthesis & for storage for later use; also regulate cholesterol synthesis in the tissue cells
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| show | to transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues (which do not have the ability to degrade or excrete HDL) to the liver, where it is broken down & becomes part of bile
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| HDL is considered | show 🗑
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| show | BAD TO THE BONE!!!
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| what is wrong with LDL | show 🗑
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| saturated fatty acids stimulate ____ of cholesterola & _____ from the body | show 🗑
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| show | total energy output (heat + work + energy storage)
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| show | is considered equal tot eh energy liberated during food oxiation; undigested foods are not part of the equation bc they contribute to no energy
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| show | includes the energy (1) immediately lost as heat (about 60% of the total); used to do work ; stored in the form of fat or glycogen
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| show | a pair of peptides that are powerful appetite enhances
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| neuropeptide Y causes | show 🗑
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| show | produces a yen for fats
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| GLP-1 & serotonin | show 🗑
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| when we eat plasma glucose levels ___ & cellular metabolism of glucose __ | show 🗑
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| elevated plasma levels of amino acids ___ eating; wheras low amino acid levels in blood ___ it. | show 🗑
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| insulin released during food absorption has what effect on hunger | show 🗑
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| glucagon levels rise during what type of behavior | show 🗑
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| when is epinephrine release & what does it trigger | show 🗑
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| what is cholecystokinin & what effect does it have on hunger? | show 🗑
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| increased body temperature may have what effect on hunger | show 🗑
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| leptin | show 🗑
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| show | receptors in the choroid plexuses of the ventricles, where it gains entry to the brain
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| show | hypothalamus
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| what does it regulate | show 🗑
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| show | the ventromedial hypothalamus, where it suppresses the secretion of nneuropeptide Y (NPY); the most potent appetite stimulant known
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| show | decreases food intake & cranks up activity & heat production
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| show | the body's rate of eergy output (usually per hour)
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| show | direct method
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| show | indirect method; measure oxygen consumption, which is directly proportional to heat production
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| BMR(basal metabolic rate) | show 🗑
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| the taller or thinner person will have a ___ BMR than a shorter fatter person | show 🗑
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| thyroxine | show 🗑
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| show | a total rate of kilocalorie connsumption to fuel all ongoing-activities--involuntary & voluntary
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| dietary/food-induced thermogenesis | show 🗑
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| radiation | show 🗑
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| conduction | show 🗑
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| show | substantially enhances heat exchange from teh body surface tot eh air bc the cooler air absorbs heat by conduction more rapidly than the already-warmed air
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| the hypothalamus receives afferent input from | show 🗑
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| the hypothalmus respons the heat promoting or heat loss activites via | show 🗑
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| vasoconstriction of cuanneous blood vessels | show 🗑
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| show | (blank)
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| cold stimulates the relae of | show 🗑
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| show | increases body temp bc muscle activity produces large amounts of heat
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| show | occurs when envir temp decreases gradually; hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormonne; increases metabolic rate body heat production increases allowing us to maintain a constannt body tempin cold envir condtions
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| vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels | show 🗑
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| show | occurs when body is overheated & heat cannot be lost by other means; evaporation
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| fever is controlled | show 🗑
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