UHS
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| 2 Main Systems | 1-Central nervous system 2-Peripheral Nervous system
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| Central nervous system(CNS) | consists of the brain and the spinal cord
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| Perpheral Nervous system(PNS) | all of the nerves
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| Autonomic Nervous system | third divison of nervous system
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| Neurons | is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling.
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| 3 parts of nuerons | 1-dendrites 2-cell body 3-axon
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| Dendrites | branching projections that conducts impluses TO the cell body
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| Axon | is the elongated projection that conducts impulses AWAY from the cell
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| Cell body | contains cell nucleus
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| Classificaton of Neurons(classified according to function) | 1-Sensory 2-Motor 3-Interneurons
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| Sensory(afferent) | neurons conduct impulses TO the spinal cord and brain
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| Motor(efferent) | neurons conduct impulses AWAY from the brain and spinal cord TO muscles and glands.
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| Internuerons(central or connecting) | conduct impulses FROM the sensory nuerons to the motor nuerons
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| Glia(neuroglia) | support cells by bringing the cells of the nervous tissue together structurally or functionally
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| Three types of Glial Cells of CNS | 1-Astrocytes 2-microglia 3-oligodendrocytes
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| Astrocytes | star-shaped cells that anchor small blood vessels to nuerons
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| Microglia | small cells that move in the inflamed brain tissue carrying on phagocytosis
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| Oligodendrocytes | form myelin sheaths on the axons in the CNS
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| Schwann cells | form myelin sheaths on the axons of the PNS
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| Nerve | a bundle of peripheral axons
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| Tract | is a bundle of the central axons
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| White matter | refers to the tissue composed primarily of myelinated axons
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| Gray matter | tissue composed primarily of cell bodies and UNmyelinated fibers
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| Nerve coverings | are made of fibrous connective tissue
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| Endoneurium | surrounds individual fibers within a nerve
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| Perineuronium | surrounds a group of nerves, fascicle
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| Epineurium | surrounds the entire nerve
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| reflex arc | nerve impulses are conducted from receptors to effectors over the neurons pathways
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| Reflex | conduction by a reflex arc results; contraction by a muscle or secretion by a gland
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| two-neuron arcs | consist of sensory neurons that synapse in the spinal cord with motor neurons
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| three-neuron arcs | consist of sensory neurons that synapse in the spinal cord with interneurons that synapse motor neurons
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| Nerve impulse (action potential) | are the self-propagating wave of electrical disturbance that travels along the surface of a neuron membrane
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| polarization | at rest, the neuron's membrane is slightly positive on the outside and negative on the inside(from slight excess of sodium ions on outside)
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| depolarization | inward movement of sodium ions cause the membrane to become positive on the inside and negative on the outside
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| repolarization | section of membrane quickly recovers from depolarization
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| Synapse | the place where impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another, the postsynaptic neuron
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| 3 structures of the synapse | 1-the synaptic knob
2-synaptic cleft
3-plasma membrane
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| Neurotransmitters | bind specific receptor molecules in the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron, opening ion channels and thereby stimulating impulse conduction by the membrane;chemicals by which neurons communicate
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| Neurotransmitters | 1-acetylcholine
2-norepinephrine(5)
3-dopamine(5)
4-serotonin(5)
5-catecholamines
6-endorphins
7-enkephalins
8-nitric oxide (NO)
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| divisions of the brain | 1-brainstem
2-cerebellum
3-diencephalon
4-cerebrum
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| 3 parts of brainstem | (in ascending order)
1-medulla oblongata
2-pons
3-midbrain
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| brainstem | consists of white matter with bits of gray matter scattered through it;all parts of are two-way conduction paths
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| sensory tract | conduct impulses to higher parts of the brain
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| Motor tract | conduct from the higher parts of the brain to the spinal cord
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| Gray matter areas(in brain) | function as important reflex centers
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| cerebellum | is the second LARGEST part of the human brain; a gray matter outer layer, which is thin but highly folded, forming a large surface area for processing information
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| arbor vitae | is the internal,treelike network of white matter tracts
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| cerebellum FUNCTIONS | helps control muscle contractions to produce coordinated movements to maintain balance, move smoothly, and sustain posture
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| diencephalon | 1-hypothalamus
2-thalamus
3-pineal gland
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| Hypothalamus | consists mainly of the posterior pituitary gland, pituitary stalk and gray matter
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| Hypothalamus CONTD | acts as major center for controlling the autonomic nervous system;helps control the functioning of internal organs
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| Hypothalamus CONTD 2 | helps control hormone secretion by the anterior and posterior pitutary glands;it indirectly helps control hormone secretion by most of the endocrine glands
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| hypothalamus | contains center for controlling body temperature, appetite, wakefulness(sleep cycle), and pleasure
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| Thalamus | a dumbbell shaped mass of gray matter extending toward each cerebral hemisphere;relays on impulses to cerebral cortex sensory areas;produces the emotions of (un)pleasantness associated with sensations
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| Pineal gland | a small body resembling a pine nut BEHIND the thalamus;adjusts output of the time keeping hormone,melatonin, in response to changing levels of external light, like sunlight and moonlight
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| Cerebrum | LARGEST part of the human brain;outer part is the cerebral cortex;made up of lobes; composed mainly of dendrites and cell bodies of neurons
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| cerebrum CONTD | interior composed of mainly white matter ;tracts of the nerve fibers arranged in bundles
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| basal nuclei | are the islands of gray matter that regulate autonomic movements and posture
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| Cerebrum functions | include mental processes of ALL types, sensations, consciousness, memory,voluntary control of movements
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| Spinal cord | consists of columns of white matter,composed of bundles of myelinated nerve fibers; form H-shaped core of the spinal cord
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| tracts | bundles of axons
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| spinal cord interior | composed of gray matter made up mainly of neuron dendrites and cell bodies
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| spinal cord tracts | provide 2 way conduction paths, which both ascend and descend path
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| spinal cord functions | primary control center for ALL spinal cord reflexes
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| sensory tracts | conduct impulses TO the brain
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| Motor tracts | conduct impulse FROM the brain
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| cranial nerves | 12 pairs; attach to the undersurface of the brain;connect the brain with neck and structures in the thorax and abdomen
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| spinal nerves | 31 pairs; contain dendrites of the sensory neurons and axons of motor neurons; conduct impulses necessary for sensations and voluntary movements
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| dermatome | is the skin surface area supplied by a single cranial or spinal nerve
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| Autonomic Nervous system | consists of motor neurons that conduct impulses from the central nervous system to cardiac muscle,smooth muscle,, and glandular epithelial tissue;regulates INVOLUNTARY functions
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| Autonomic neurons | are preganglionic autonomic neurons;conduct impulses from the spinal cord or the brainstem to an autonomic ganglion
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| postganglionic neurons | conduct impulses from the autonomic ganglion to cardiac muscle,smooth muscle, and glandular epithelial tissue
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| autonomic or visceral effectors | include tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses
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| division of ANS | 1-sympathetic system
2-parasympathetic system
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| Autonomic conduction paths | consists of two-neuron relays;preganglionic neurons from the CNS to the autonomic ganglia, synapses & postganglionic neurons from ganglia to the visceral effectors
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| Somatic motor neurons | conduct all the way from the CNS to the somatic effectors with no intervening synapses
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| sympathetic nervous system | includes dendrite and cell bodies of the sympathetic pregamglionic neurons,located in the gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord
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| SNS CONTD | axons leave the spinal cord in the anterior roots of spinal nerves , extend to sympathetic ganglia and synapse with several postganglionic neurons whose axons extend to the spinal cord or autonomic nerves to terminate in visceral effectors
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| chain of sympathetic ganglia | located in front of and each side of spinal column
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| SNS CONTD2 | serves as the emergency or stress system, controlling visceral effectors during strenuous exercise and when strong emotions are triggered
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| fight or flight response | group of changes induced by SNS
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| Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons | have dendrites and cell bodies in the gray matter of the brainstem and the sacral segments of the spinal cord;terminate parasympathetic ganglia
(located in head,thoracic,abdominal cavities) close to visceral effectors;
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| PSNS preganglionic neurons | synapses with postgagnlionic to only one effector;dominates control of many visceral effectors under normal everyday conditions;counter balance sympathetic functions
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| Cholinergic fibers | are the preganglionic axons of the parasympathetic and sypathetic systems and parasympathetic postganglionic axons, which release acetylcholine
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| adrenergic fibers | are axons of the sympathetic postganglionic neurons, which release norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
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| ANS | also functions in ways that maintain homeostasis;many visceral effectors are doubly innervated, means they receive fibers from pararsympathetic and sympathetic didvisins;influenced in opposite ways of the teo divisions
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| limbic system | emotional brain; a collection of various small regions of the brain that act together to produce emotion and emotional response
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| meninges | tough,fluid-containing membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord
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| dura mater | tough outer layer that lines the vertebral canal
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| pia mater | innermost membrane covering the spinal cord itself
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| arachnoid mater | membrane between pia nad dura mater
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| cerebral ventricles | small cavity, filled with CSF
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| cerebrospinal fluid CSF | fluid that fills the subarachnoid spaces between pia mater and arachnoid in the brain and spinal cord
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| corpus callosum | structure connecting the right and left halves of the cerebrum
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| gyri | ridges of the cerebrum
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| sulci | grooves of the cerebrum
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| node of ranvier | indentations between adjacent schwann cells
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| neurilemma | outside cell membrane of a schwann cell
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| olfactory | nerve 1 of cranial nerves;conducts impulses from nose to brain;sense of smell
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| occipital lobe | vision
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| auditory | temporal lobe
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