UHS
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| Human cells_____in size, but are ALL _________. | Human cells VARY in size, but are ALL MICROSCOPIC.
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| Cells contain | Cytoplasm,plasm membrane, and nucleus
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| Cytoplasm | a substance found only in cells; all-cell substance from nucleus to plasma membrane
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| Plasma membrane | thin two-layered membrane of phospholipids and embedded with proteins;forms outer boundary of the cell; is selectively permeable
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| Cytoskeleton | is the internal framework of the cell;made of microfilaments and microtubules;provide support & movement of the cell & organelles
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| Ribosomes | made of two, tiny subunits of mostly rRNA (ribosomal RNA);manufacture enzymes and other proteins;"protein factories"
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | is a network of connecting sacs and canals that carry substances through the cytoplasm.
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| Smooth ER | synthesizes chemicals and makes new membranes
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| Rough ER | collects, folds, and transports proteins made by ribosomes
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| Golgi Apparatus | is a group of flattened sacs near the nucleus that collect chemicals into vesicles that move from the smooth ER outward to the plasma membrane
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| Mitochondria | composed of the inner and outer membranous sacs; involved with the energy releasing chemical reactions called cellular respiration;"power plants" of cells;one contains one DNA molecule
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| Lysosomes | membrane-enclosed packets containing digestive enzymes that have a protective function;eat microbes
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| Centrosome | includes microtubule, which is the organizing region of the cytoskeleton near the nucleus
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| Centrioles | paired organelles that lie at right angles to each other with the centrosome;function in moving chromosomes during cell reproduction
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| Microvilli | short extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area;produce slight movements that enhance absorption by the cell
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| Cilia | hairlike extensions with inner microtubules found on free or exposed surfaces of all cells;sensory function;capable of moving together in a wavelike fashion to propel mucus across a surface
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| Flagella | single projections that act as tails of sperm cells; longer than cilia
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| Nucleus | controls cells because it contains most of the genetic code also called genome
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| Components of the nucleus | nuclear envelope,nucleoplasm,nucleolus,and chromatin granules
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| There are how many chromosomes that contain the DNA, which contains the genetic code? | 46 nuclear chromosomes
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| IS there a relationship between cell structure and function? | YES
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| Passive transport | DO NOT require added energy and result in movement DOWN a concentration gradient;Diffusion, Osmosis,Dialysis and Filtraton
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| Diffusion | occurs when substances scatter themselves evenly throughout an available space, the particles moving from HIGH to LOW concentration
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| Osmosis | the diffusion of WATER when solutes CANNOT cross the membrane
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| Dialysis | the diffusion of small particles
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| Filtration | the movement of water and solutes caused by hydrostatic pressure on one side of the a membrane
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| Active transport | processes only occur in living cells; movement between substances is up the concentration gradient; REQUIRES energy from ATP;ex. ion pumps
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| Ion pump | a protein complex in the cell membrane; Ex. sodium-potassium pump, calcium pump.
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| Phagocytosis | "cell eating"; engulfs large particles in a vesicle as a protective mechanism;often used to destroy bacteria or debris from tissue damage;active transport
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| Pinocytosis | "cell drinking"; engulfs fluids or dissolved substances into cells;active transport
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| DNA | large molecule;shaped like SPIRAL STAIRCASE;deoxyribose,and phosphate units compose sides of molecule; is contains in the nucleus
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| Complementary base pairing | base pairings are always the same; BUT the sequence of the base pairs differs in different DNA molecules
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| Genes | a specific sequence of base pairs within DNA molecules;dictate formation of enzymes and other proteins by ribosomes;heredity determinants
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| Protein sythesis | occurs in the cytoplasm, thus genetic information must pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
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| Transcription | occurs when double-stranded DNA separates to form messenger RNA (mRNA);duplicates a particular gene;mRNA molecules pass from nucleus to the cytoplasm;direct protein synthesis into ribosomes and ER
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| Translation | involves the synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm by ribosomes;requires the use of information contained in mRNA;
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| Codon | is a series of three nucleotide bases that acts as a code for specific amino acid
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| Cell Division | a reproduction of the cell involving division of the nucleus and cytoplasm; mitosis;two daughter cells
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| Interphase | period when the cell is NOT actively dividing; not it say that cell is inactive
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| Metaphase | Spindle fibers attach to each chromatid;chromosomes align across the center of the cell
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| Prophase | Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes; chromatids become attached at the centrosome;spindle fibers appear;nucleolus and nuclear envelop disappear
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| Anaphase | centrosomes break apart;chromosomes move away from the center of the cell; cleavage furrow appears
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| Telophase | nuclear envelope and both nuclei appear;cytoplasm & organelles divide equally;process of cell divison is completed; two daughter cells
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| Four main tissues | 1-Epithelial
2-Connective
3-Muscle
4-Nervous
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| Epithelial | covers body and line the body tissue; made up of cells packed closely together with little matrix;classified by the shape of the cells
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| Shapes of cells (Epithelial) | 1-squamous(flat & scalelike)
2-cubidoal (cube-shaped)
3-columnar (higher than they are wide)
4-transtitional (varying shapes that can stretch)
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| Arrangement of Cells | 1-simple (a single layer of cells of the same shape)
2-Stratified (many layers of cells; named for the shape of cells in the outer layer)
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| Simple Squamous Epithelium | single layer of scalelike cells adapted for transport
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| Stratified squamous epithelium | several layers of closely packed cells specializing in protection
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| Simple columnar epithelium | composed of tall, column-like cells arranged in a single layer;contains mucus producing goblet cells that are specialized for secretion
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| Stratified transitional epithelium | has up to 10 layers of roughly cuboidal-shaped cells that distort to squamous shape when stretched; ex.urinary bladder
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| Pseudostratified epithelium | a single layer of distorted columnar cells; each cell touches the basementmembrane
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| Simple cuboidal epithelium | a single layer of cubelike cells that are often specialized for secretory activity;may secrete into duct, directly in blood and on the body surface
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| Connective tissue | most abundant and wildly distributed tissue in the body with many different types, appearances, and functions
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| Types of Connective tissues | 1-Areolar
2-Adipose (fat)
3-Fibrous
4-Bone
5-Cartilage
6-Blood
7-Hematopoietic
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| Areolar tissue | loose connective tissue tha has the fibrous glue, fascia, which holds organs together;collagenous and elastic fibers are the most common
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| Adipose (Fat)tissue | is the way the body can store lipids and play a role in the metabolism regulation;brown fat produces heat
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| Reticular Tissue | is a delicate net of collagen fibers, as in bone marrow
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| Dense fibrous tissue | consists of bundles of strong collagen fibers;ex. a tendon
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| Bone tissue | a hard, calcified matrix that functions as support and protection
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| Cartilage tissue | a matrix with the consistency of gristlelike gel; ex. chondrocyte
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| Blood tissue | matrix is fluid;functions are transportation and protection
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| Hematopoietic | is the bloodlike connective tissue found in red marrow cavities of the bones and in organs such as the spleen, tonsils & lymph nodes; responsible for the formation of blood cells & lymphatic system cells; important in our defense against disease
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| Muscle tissue | are the movement specialist of the body
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| 3 kinds of Muscle Tissue | 1-Skeletal
2-Cardiac
3-Smooth
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| Skeletal Muscle | attaches to bones; also called striated or voluntary
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| Cardiac Muscle | also called striated involuntary muscle; composes the heart wall
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| Smooth Muscle | Also called nonstriated,visceral or involuntary. has no cross striations; found in blood vessels and other tube-shaped organs
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| Nerve tissue | to provide rapid communication between body structures and control body functions
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| two kinds of nervous tissue cells | 1- Neurons
2- Glia
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| Neurons | are the conduction cells; ALL have a cell body, and two types of processes: the axon(one) and the dendrite(many)
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| Axon | carries the nerve impulse AWAY from the from the cell body
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| Dendrite | carries the nerve impulse TOWARD the cell body
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| Glia(neuroglia) | are supportive and connecting cells
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