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CHAP 3-Cells&Tissue
UHS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Human cells_____in size, but are ALL _________. | Human cells VARY in size, but are ALL MICROSCOPIC. |
| Cells contain | Cytoplasm,plasm membrane, and nucleus |
| Cytoplasm | a substance found only in cells; all-cell substance from nucleus to plasma membrane |
| Plasma membrane | thin two-layered membrane of phospholipids and embedded with proteins;forms outer boundary of the cell; is selectively permeable |
| Cytoskeleton | is the internal framework of the cell;made of microfilaments and microtubules;provide support & movement of the cell & organelles |
| Ribosomes | made of two, tiny subunits of mostly rRNA (ribosomal RNA);manufacture enzymes and other proteins;"protein factories" |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | is a network of connecting sacs and canals that carry substances through the cytoplasm. |
| Smooth ER | synthesizes chemicals and makes new membranes |
| Rough ER | collects, folds, and transports proteins made by ribosomes |
| Golgi Apparatus | is a group of flattened sacs near the nucleus that collect chemicals into vesicles that move from the smooth ER outward to the plasma membrane |
| Mitochondria | composed of the inner and outer membranous sacs; involved with the energy releasing chemical reactions called cellular respiration;"power plants" of cells;one contains one DNA molecule |
| Lysosomes | membrane-enclosed packets containing digestive enzymes that have a protective function;eat microbes |
| Centrosome | includes microtubule, which is the organizing region of the cytoskeleton near the nucleus |
| Centrioles | paired organelles that lie at right angles to each other with the centrosome;function in moving chromosomes during cell reproduction |
| Microvilli | short extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area;produce slight movements that enhance absorption by the cell |
| Cilia | hairlike extensions with inner microtubules found on free or exposed surfaces of all cells;sensory function;capable of moving together in a wavelike fashion to propel mucus across a surface |
| Flagella | single projections that act as tails of sperm cells; longer than cilia |
| Nucleus | controls cells because it contains most of the genetic code also called genome |
| Components of the nucleus | nuclear envelope,nucleoplasm,nucleolus,and chromatin granules |
| There are how many chromosomes that contain the DNA, which contains the genetic code? | 46 nuclear chromosomes |
| IS there a relationship between cell structure and function? | YES |
| Passive transport | DO NOT require added energy and result in movement DOWN a concentration gradient;Diffusion, Osmosis,Dialysis and Filtraton |
| Diffusion | occurs when substances scatter themselves evenly throughout an available space, the particles moving from HIGH to LOW concentration |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of WATER when solutes CANNOT cross the membrane |
| Dialysis | the diffusion of small particles |
| Filtration | the movement of water and solutes caused by hydrostatic pressure on one side of the a membrane |
| Active transport | processes only occur in living cells; movement between substances is up the concentration gradient; REQUIRES energy from ATP;ex. ion pumps |
| Ion pump | a protein complex in the cell membrane; Ex. sodium-potassium pump, calcium pump. |
| Phagocytosis | "cell eating"; engulfs large particles in a vesicle as a protective mechanism;often used to destroy bacteria or debris from tissue damage;active transport |
| Pinocytosis | "cell drinking"; engulfs fluids or dissolved substances into cells;active transport |
| DNA | large molecule;shaped like SPIRAL STAIRCASE;deoxyribose,and phosphate units compose sides of molecule; is contains in the nucleus |
| Complementary base pairing | base pairings are always the same; BUT the sequence of the base pairs differs in different DNA molecules |
| Genes | a specific sequence of base pairs within DNA molecules;dictate formation of enzymes and other proteins by ribosomes;heredity determinants |
| Protein sythesis | occurs in the cytoplasm, thus genetic information must pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm |
| Transcription | occurs when double-stranded DNA separates to form messenger RNA (mRNA);duplicates a particular gene;mRNA molecules pass from nucleus to the cytoplasm;direct protein synthesis into ribosomes and ER |
| Translation | involves the synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm by ribosomes;requires the use of information contained in mRNA; |
| Codon | is a series of three nucleotide bases that acts as a code for specific amino acid |
| Cell Division | a reproduction of the cell involving division of the nucleus and cytoplasm; mitosis;two daughter cells |
| Interphase | period when the cell is NOT actively dividing; not it say that cell is inactive |
| Metaphase | Spindle fibers attach to each chromatid;chromosomes align across the center of the cell |
| Prophase | Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes; chromatids become attached at the centrosome;spindle fibers appear;nucleolus and nuclear envelop disappear |
| Anaphase | centrosomes break apart;chromosomes move away from the center of the cell; cleavage furrow appears |
| Telophase | nuclear envelope and both nuclei appear;cytoplasm & organelles divide equally;process of cell divison is completed; two daughter cells |
| Four main tissues | 1-Epithelial 2-Connective 3-Muscle 4-Nervous |
| Epithelial | covers body and line the body tissue; made up of cells packed closely together with little matrix;classified by the shape of the cells |
| Shapes of cells (Epithelial) | 1-squamous(flat & scalelike) 2-cubidoal (cube-shaped) 3-columnar (higher than they are wide) 4-transtitional (varying shapes that can stretch) |
| Arrangement of Cells | 1-simple (a single layer of cells of the same shape) 2-Stratified (many layers of cells; named for the shape of cells in the outer layer) |
| Simple Squamous Epithelium | single layer of scalelike cells adapted for transport |
| Stratified squamous epithelium | several layers of closely packed cells specializing in protection |
| Simple columnar epithelium | composed of tall, column-like cells arranged in a single layer;contains mucus producing goblet cells that are specialized for secretion |
| Stratified transitional epithelium | has up to 10 layers of roughly cuboidal-shaped cells that distort to squamous shape when stretched; ex.urinary bladder |
| Pseudostratified epithelium | a single layer of distorted columnar cells; each cell touches the basementmembrane |
| Simple cuboidal epithelium | a single layer of cubelike cells that are often specialized for secretory activity;may secrete into duct, directly in blood and on the body surface |
| Connective tissue | most abundant and wildly distributed tissue in the body with many different types, appearances, and functions |
| Types of Connective tissues | 1-Areolar 2-Adipose (fat) 3-Fibrous 4-Bone 5-Cartilage 6-Blood 7-Hematopoietic |
| Areolar tissue | loose connective tissue tha has the fibrous glue, fascia, which holds organs together;collagenous and elastic fibers are the most common |
| Adipose (Fat)tissue | is the way the body can store lipids and play a role in the metabolism regulation;brown fat produces heat |
| Reticular Tissue | is a delicate net of collagen fibers, as in bone marrow |
| Dense fibrous tissue | consists of bundles of strong collagen fibers;ex. a tendon |
| Bone tissue | a hard, calcified matrix that functions as support and protection |
| Cartilage tissue | a matrix with the consistency of gristlelike gel; ex. chondrocyte |
| Blood tissue | matrix is fluid;functions are transportation and protection |
| Hematopoietic | is the bloodlike connective tissue found in red marrow cavities of the bones and in organs such as the spleen, tonsils & lymph nodes; responsible for the formation of blood cells & lymphatic system cells; important in our defense against disease |
| Muscle tissue | are the movement specialist of the body |
| 3 kinds of Muscle Tissue | 1-Skeletal 2-Cardiac 3-Smooth |
| Skeletal Muscle | attaches to bones; also called striated or voluntary |
| Cardiac Muscle | also called striated involuntary muscle; composes the heart wall |
| Smooth Muscle | Also called nonstriated,visceral or involuntary. has no cross striations; found in blood vessels and other tube-shaped organs |
| Nerve tissue | to provide rapid communication between body structures and control body functions |
| two kinds of nervous tissue cells | 1- Neurons 2- Glia |
| Neurons | are the conduction cells; ALL have a cell body, and two types of processes: the axon(one) and the dendrite(many) |
| Axon | carries the nerve impulse AWAY from the from the cell body |
| Dendrite | carries the nerve impulse TOWARD the cell body |
| Glia(neuroglia) | are supportive and connecting cells |
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