Chemistry of the Cell-Test #1
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| show | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nirtrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus
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| show | Hydrogen, Oxygen
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| show | Iron, Zinc, Magnesium, Cobalt
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| Bond | show 🗑
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| show | Shared pair of electrons b/w 2 atoms
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| show | One atom has the shared elect. more (electronegative "electron greedy) than the other atom. Oxygen & Nitrogen most electron negative atoms. H20 ex. of polar covalent bond.
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| Nonpolar Covalent Bond | show 🗑
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| Ionic Bond | show 🗑
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| Example of Ionic Bond | show 🗑
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| show | weaker than covalent or ionic bonds. Are stable in large molecules w/ many hydrogen bonds. Imp. in secondary structure of proteins.
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| van der Waals interactions | show 🗑
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| show | In interior of molecules sequestered from water on exterior. b/w nonpolar molecules that come together to limit exposure to water-lipids. More stable when hyrdrophobic regions are near one another.
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| Carbon | show 🗑
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| show | carbon w/ 4 diff. attached groups. Can have 2 diff. spatial arrangements. Stereoisomers (mirror images)
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| show | Makes up 75-85% of cell weight-most abundant component. Is a polar molecule. POLARITY: bond angles b/w O & H; separation charges-one end more negative than other; affects cohesiveness, heat capacity, & solvent prop.
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| Water | show 🗑
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| Water | show 🗑
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| show | Solvent: dissolves variety of solutes; relatively inert; polarity allows it to hyrdate + or - charged ions & polar molecules (hydrophilic water loving) ; nonpolar molecules insoluble in water (hydrophobic) disrupt bonds b/w water molecules so are excluded
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| show | Macromolecules that have polar and non polar regions
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| show | Micelles
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| show | A molecule containing a very large # of atoms. Measured in kilodaltons. Linear molecules. Imp. structural & functional components of cells.
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| What are macromolecules composed of? | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Polymerization: bonding monomers "sngl units" together to form polymers. Each addtn releases H2O-condensation. 2.Components must be activated-requires ATP energy. 3.Components attached to carrier molecules-grwth always @ end of a sgl mlcule 4.Direction
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| show | Contain the necessary info. for proper folding & organiz. essential in structure
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| show | As its being translated on ribosome it undergoes self-assembly=Polypeptide necessary for proper folding and final config. to give correct shape. Assisted self-assembly by chaperones=used for larger, more complex proteins composed of more than one polypep
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| Macromolecule Protein Assembly cont'd | show 🗑
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| show | PROTEINS-Amino Acids NUCLEIC ACIDS-Nucleotides LIPIDS-Fatty Acids POLYSACCHARIDES-Sugars
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| show | 20
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| show | A peptide bond (covalent bond) formed b/w amine group of one amino acid and carboxyl group of next amino acid
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| Amino acids are classified by what? | show 🗑
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| What are the 3 types of amino acids? How many belong to each class? | show 🗑
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| What do the 9 nonpolar hyrdophobic amino acids mostly lack? | show 🗑
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| show | Six amino acids and they are hydrophilic
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| How many polar charged amino acids are there? | show 🗑
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| show | The presence of asymmetric carbon.
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| What are polypeptides? | show 🗑
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| show | Protein synthesis or the specific order in which each polypeptide is formed.
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| What are the two ways that proteins may be composed of? | show 🗑
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| What are the 4 hierarchical levels of organization in a polypeptide? | show 🗑
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| The Primary Structure is based on what? | show 🗑
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| show | 2 types of shapes form either an α-helix or a β-pleated sheet. The form it takes on is determined by hydrogen bonding within the polypeptide.
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| A Tertiary Structure has what type of shape? | show 🗑
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| Quartenary Strucure has what shape? | show 🗑
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| What are the diff. functions of proteins? | show 🗑
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| What are lipids? | show 🗑
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| show | To have both polar and nonpolar regions
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| What are the diff. classes of lipids? | show 🗑
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| show | A type of lipid that is considered a true fat. It is used for energy storage and a very efficient form of energy. Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
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| What are the 3 types of triglycerides? | show 🗑
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| Whats the structural composition of a fatty acid? | show 🗑
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| show | All singe bonds. Most fats are saturated fatty acids and are SOLID at room temp.
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| show | Composed of one or more double bonds. Oils are mostly unsaturated fatty acids and are LIQUID at room temp.
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| What is a phospholipid? | show 🗑
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| show | A type of lipid that is also amphipathic and primarily found in NEURO tissue or membranes. Its based on sphingosine-an amine alcohol.
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| What is a Glycolipid? | show 🗑
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| What is a steroid? | show 🗑
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| show | Cholesterol which helps keep fluidity
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| What are terpenes? | show 🗑
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| What are polysaccharides? | show 🗑
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| Starch & Glycogen are used for what in polysaccharides? | show 🗑
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| The polysaccharide Cellulose is used for what? | show 🗑
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| What are the diff. types of monosaccharides? | show 🗑
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| show | Two monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bond (ex. sucrose-table sugar & lactose-milk sugar)
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| show | Nucleotides
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| show | Nitrogenous base; Pentose Sugar & Phosphate
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| show | By a phosphodiester bond b/w phosphate group & sugar of adj. nucleotide
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| show | 5' to 3' direction
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| What are nucleotides used for in the cell? | show 🗑
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| show | Protein-peptide bond; Nucleic Acids-phosphodiester bond; Polysaccharide-Glycocidic Bond
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