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ChiroBoards2: Lig/NN
ChiroBoards2: Ligaments, Joints, Palpation, and Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Holds dens in fovea dentalis of atlas | Transverse Ligament |
| C0 to body of C2, Cross-shaped | Cruciate Ligaments |
| Sides of dens to occipital condyles | Alar ligament |
| Alar Ligament: aka | check ligament |
| Alar Ligament: its purpose is to limit... | rotation of C2 |
| Apex of dens to anterior aspect of foramen | Apical Dental Ligament |
| Apical Dental Ligament: its purpose it to limit... | flexion/extension of C2 |
| ligaments connecting pia to dura along the spinal cord | Dentate Ligaments |
| Dentate Ligaments: How many? | 21 pairs |
| front of vertebral bodies from the sacrum to C2 | ALL |
| Continuation of the ALL from ATLAS to OCCIPUT | Anterior atlanto-occipital lig. |
| Anterior atlanto-occipital lig. limits.... | extension |
| Runs posteriorly against the vertebral bodies | PLL |
| PLL: wide and thin portions? | wider in cervicals; thinner in lumbars (thinnest at L5) |
| PLL: limits... | flexion |
| Continuation of the PLL from C2 to OCCIPUT | Tectorial membrane |
| Tectorial membrane limits.... | flexion |
| Makes up 25% of height of spine | IVD |
| IVD is made of: | Fibrocartilage |
| Lamina to Lamina | Ligamentum Flavum |
| Ligamentum Flavum limits... | flexion |
| Continuation of Ligamentum Flavum from C2 to C1 | Posterior Atlantoaxial ligament |
| Continuation of Ligamentum Flavum from C1 to C0 | Posterior Atlantooccipital ligament |
| Calcified Posterior Atlantooccipital ligament: aka | Arcuate Foramen |
| Between articular processes | capsular ligament |
| Between intertransverse processes | intertransverse ligament |
| Between spinous processes | Interspinous ligaments |
| From spinous to spinous | Supraspinous ligaments |
| Continuation of the supraspinous ligament from C7 to OCCIPUT | Ligamentum Nuchae |
| A alpha: Sensory fiber | Muscle spindle: joint position sense, vibration sense, 2 point descrimination |
| A alpha: Type of nerve fiber | Muscle spindle detects stretch; 1a motor; |
| A beta: type of sensory fiber | 1B Golgi Tendon Organ: senses tension and touch pressure receptor afferents |
| A gamma | Muscle spindle efferent; gamma motor neuron |
| A delta: Fiber type and type of sense | III ; Fast pain (pressure pain, ex. pinch) |
| B fiber | Preganglionic autonomic efferent; white rami communicantes |
| C fiber: Fiber type and type of sense | IV ; slow pain, temperature afferent; postganglionic autonomic efferent; gray rami communicantes |
| Rubrospinal fxn | proximal muscle flexors of upper extremities |
| Reticulospinal fxn | extensor mm. of back and arms (except any back muscles innervated by a plexus) |
| Tectospinal fxn | neck muscles reflexive to light and sound |
| Vestibulospinal fxn | Extensors of back and legs |
| Corticospinal fxn | flexors of distal extremities |
| Corticospinal: special type of large cells | Giant Cells of Betz |
| Spinothalamic Lateral fxn | pain and temperature |
| Spinothalamic Ventral fxn | crude touch and pressure |
| Receptors of the Dorsal Columna (3) | Meissner's/Merkel's, Pacinian, Ruffini |
| Dorsal Column fxn (4) | CONSCIOUS proprioception; vibration; joint position sense; 2 point discrimination |
| Meissner's/Merkel's receptor | Touch |
| Pacinian receptor | vibration |
| Ruffini receptor | joint position sense |
| Spinocerebellar | UNCONSCIOUS proprioception |
| Muscle Spindle Cell: Type and Fxn | Type 1a fiber; picks up STRETCH |
| Golgi Tendon Organ: Type and Fxn | Type 1b fiber; picks up TENSION |
| Astrocytes store | glucose (also forms blood brain barrier) |
| Microglia aka | Macrophages (in the brain) |
| Ependymal cells line what structures? | ventricles and produce CSF |
| Oligodendrocytes produce | myelin in the cns |
| MS | demyelination of CNS |
| Schwann cells | come from neural crest cells to produce myelin in the PNS |
| Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses | From neural crest cells and allows for peristalsis |
| Meissner's vs. Auerback's: histology | Meissner's = Mucosal ; Auerbach's = muscular |
| Renshaw cells | from neural crest cells and inhibit alpha motor neuron (-) feedback |
| 4 parasympathetic CN's | CN III, VII, IX, X |
| Meric (DumDum) Chart : T1-T4 | Heart and lungs |
| Meric (DumDum) Chart: T5-T9 | Stomach (GERD) |
| Meric (DumDum) Chart: T4 | Gallbladder |
| Meric (DumDum) Chart: T6-T10 | Liver, Pancreas, GALLBLADDER |
| Meric (DumDum) Chart: T10-T12 | Kidney (UTI) |
| Meric (DumDum) Chart: L1-L2 | Ovary, Colon (sympathetically driven) |
| Meric (DumDum) Chart: Sacrum | Colon, Uterus (parasympathetically driven) |
| IVF Boundaries: anterior | bodies and IVD |
| IVF Boundaries: superior and inferior | Pedicles |
| IVF Boundaries: Posterior | facet joints |
| Nerve root sheaths occupy___________% of the IVF | 35-50% |
| 50-65% of the IVF foramen contains the following: (6 structures) | Loose areolar tissue, adipose tissue, spinal artery, veins, lymphatics, an recurrent meningeal nerve. |
| Compression of IVF : (4 affected structures) | Fat/V.A.N (Veins, arteries, nerves) |
| Structure that is inside the IVF that is MOST sensitive to compression and MOST affected by subluxation. | Dorsal Root Ganglia |
| Least to Greatest Pressure Changes in Disc: Based on body positioning | Recumbent-->Standing-->Sitting-->Sitting with forward lean--> Jumping |
| Weakest part of the disc | posterolateral aspect (due to narrower PLL) |
| Compressive load on disc causes fracture of this structure first | End plate (with no herniation) |
| Nutrition to the disc by way of______________ | imbibition (motion) |
| Ankylosis | pathological fusion of bones across a joint |
| Allodynia | perception of pain from a normally non painful stimulus |
| Axonotmesis | Type II nerve injury; disruption of axon with Wallerian degeneration, resulting in temporary paralysis and sensory changes. |
| Hyperemia | presence of excess blood in the vessels supplying a particular region of the body |
| Hysteresis | loss of energy during cyclic loading and unloading of viscoelastic substance, i.e. jumping |
| Meniscoid | intra-articular synovial tabs |
| Muscle spindle | receptor sensitive to stretch (length) of intrafusal fibers |
| Neuropraxia: definition | Type I nerve injury; local nerve conduction block (nerve pressure or blunt trauma) with no physical disruption of axon |
| Neuropraxia: results in | transient paralysis, slight sensory changes, and no reaction of degeneration. |
| Neuropraxia: recovery time range | hours to days |
| Axonotmesis: recovery time range | weeks to months |
| Neurotmesis: definition | Type III nerve Injury; partial or complete severance of the nerve. Full reaction of degeneration with no recovery possible |
| Sinu-vertebral nerve: aka | Recurrent meningeal nerve |
| Sinu-vertrebral nerve: afferents supply | Free nerve endings connected to fascia, ligaments, periosteum, intervertebral joints, and IVD |
| Sinu-vertebral nerve: goes to which ligaments and tissue? (3) | PLL; Ligamentum Flavum; and Anterior Dura (NOT THE ALL) |
| Soma (somatic) refers to | refers to skin, bone, nerve, and muscle |
| Vertebral arteries begin at what nerve root? | C6 |
| Viscera refers to | autonomic organs, blood, and lymph |
| Vitalism | The principle that maintains the laws of physics and chemistry cannot explain the nature of life. |
| Hilton's Law | Trunk of a nerve sends branches to a particular muscle; the joint moved by the muscle and skin overlying the muscle insertion. |
| Hilton's Law: Patho application | Altered nerve activity to a muscle may be associated with altered nerve activity to the segmentally related spinal joints. |
| Heuter Volkmann's Law | Increased epiphyseal pressure leads to decreased growth and vice versa. (Scheuermann's Dx**) |
| Bell-Magendie | Anterior horn of the cord is motor while the posterior horn is sensory |
Created by:
bglasman
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