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physiol
chiropractic board review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anterior spinal roots are motor, posterior sensory | Bell Magende's Law |
| At constant temperature, a volume of gas varies inversely with pressure: V/P | Boyle's Law |
| At constant pressure, a volume of gas varies directly with absolute pressure: V*P | Charles' Law |
| Solubility of gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas | Henry's Law |
| Ventricular pressure depends on muscular tension, size and shape of the heart | LaPlace's Law |
| Cardiac output is directly proportional to diastolic filling: CO*filling | Starling's Law |
| Limits respiratory excursion via the vagus nerve | Hering Breuer's Law |
| Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cell into the... | capillary |
| Carbon dioxide is transported via 3 forms | dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood (7%), in combination with hemoglobin (23%), and as bicarbonate ions (70%) |
| How is bicarbonate formed? | when carbon dioxide enters the red blood cell and combines with water via carbonic anhydrase to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. |
| What is the chloride shift? | Bicarbonate diffuses out of the RBC into plasma while Cl ions diffuse into the RBC. |
| 97% of what is carried by hemoglobin? | Oxygen |
| Krause nerve ending | cold |
| ruffini nerve ending | hot |
| meissner nerve ending | touch and pressure |
| Pacinian nerve ending | touch |
| merkel's nerve ending | touch |
| Free nerve endings | pain |
| naked free nerve endings | nociception |
| tidal volume | normal breathing, 500mL |
| inspiratory reserve | 3000mL |
| expiratory reserve | 1100mL |
| residual volume | 1200mL |
| inspiratory capacity=TV+IR | max air inspired, 3500mL |
| functional residual capacity=(ER+RV) | 2300 mL |
| vital capacity=IR+ER+TV | max volume taken in after max exhalation, 5800mL |
| Has inspiratory and expiratory control centers | medulla oblongata |
| apneustic center and pneumotaxic center. limits the duration of inspiration, but increases resp rate | pons |
| Chemoreceptors in the chemosensitive areas in the medulla oblongata are excited by? | Carbon dioxide and hydrogen |
| Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are sensitive to? | PO2 |
| Respiration is stimulated by an increase in? | PCO2, H, and low PO2 |
| Respiration is inhibited by a decrease in? | PCO2, H, and high PO2 |
| How does one with diabetes mellitus regulate metabolic acidosis through respiration? | There is an increase in ketone bodies, respiration is stimulated, called Kussmaul's breathing, causing a "blowing off" of CO2 thus lowering the hydrogen concentration. |
| How does the body balance metabolic alkalosis such as caused by vomiting through respiration? | hydrogen concentration is lowered, so respiration is inhibited which causes an increase in the PCO2 and thus increases the blood hydrogen concentration. |
| Hyperventilation causes respiratory alkalosis, How? | low hydrogen concentration since there is a low PCO2. Rebreathing expired air increases PCO2 and returns the blood pH to normal |
| Respiratory acidosis is caused by... | low pH of blood due to hypoventilation |
| Posterior Pituitary/Neurohypophysis/Neuroectoderm | connected to the base of the brain via supraoptic hypophyseal tract |
| Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary | Antidiuretic Hormone/ADH/Vasopressin and oxytocin |
| ADH functions | acts upon the kidney to reabsorb water in the collecting duct. Increases blood pressure. Decreased ADH produces polydypsia and polyuria seen in diabetes insipidus |
| Oxytocin functions | respondible for milk let down and uterine contractions during labor and after birth |
| Anterior Pituitary/Rathke's Pouch | influenced by negative feedback or releasing factors produced in the hypothalamus |
| Growth Hormone/GH/Somatotropin | stimulated by growth hormone releasing factor from the hypothalamus. GHRF is responsible for stimulating the release of growth hormone and the release of an inhibitory hormone called somatostatin. |
| Decreased growth hormone | dwarfism |
| increased growth hormone | giantism |
| ACTH/Corticotropin | sitimulates the adrenal gland |
| TSH/Thyrotropin | stimulates thyroid |
| FSH | stimulates follicle in preparation for ovulation in females. stimulates sperm prodution in males |
| LH | responsible for ovulation in females. regulates testosterone production |
| prolactin | stimulates milk production post partum |
| Pars intermedia | melanocyte stimulating hormone |
| Calcitonin | takes calcium out of the blood and into the bone. Made by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid |
| Thyroxine/T4 | major hormone from the thyroid to regulate metabolism |
| Triiodothyronine/T3 | Chemiically more active thatn Thyroxine. Important in maintaining basal metabolism. |
| Decreased thyroid hormones produce | cretin in children and myxedema in adults |
| Increased thyroid hormones produce | increased metabolic processes, increased sympathetics and may lead to Graves disease |
| Parathyroid | increases blood calcium, decreases reabsorption of phosphates |
| Parathormone | takes calcium out of the bone and into the blood stream. Important in many enzyme reaction and for contraction of muscles |
| Decreased parathormone | tetany or muscle twitches |
| Parathormone levels increased with | osteitis fibrosa cystica |
| Increases of parathormone in the blood | produce increases of parathormone in the kidneys |
| Adrenal cortex: zona glomerulosa | aldosterone (salt) |
| Adrenal cortex: zona fasciculata | cortisol (sugar) |
| Adrenal cortex: zona reticularis | androgen (sex) |
| aldosterone | a mineralocorticoid that reduces sodium excretion by the kidneys and increases potassium excretion. |
| cortisol | a glucocorticoid that controls metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins (sugar) |
| adrenal medulla | medulla is a derived from neural crest cells. secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. acts as postganglionic sypathetic nervous system |
| both secreted in response to sypathetic stimulation | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| somatostatin | made in the hypothalamus to inhibit growth hormone. also made by the delta cells of the pancreas to inhibit insulin and glucagon in the pancreas, gastrin in the gastric mucosa, secretin in the intestinal mucosa and renin in the kidneys |
| somatomedin | a peptide formed in the liver and other tissues which mediates the effects of growth hormone on cartilage |
| estrogen | produce by the ovarian follicle after stimulation by FSH. Thickens the lining of the uterus in teh proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle (1st stage) |
| progesterone | produced by the corpus lutem after ovulation. increases thickness of the uterine lining to make it ready for implantation. Increases in 2nd stage of the mentraul sycle called secretory stage. also responsible for increase in body temp (thermogenic hormone |
| testosterone | produced by intersitial cells of Leydig in testes |
| insulin | secreated by the beta cells of the pancreas in response to glucose. takes sugar out of the bloodstream and into the body tissues |
| glucagon | responsible for increasing blood sugar |
| myenteric plexus/auerbach's plexus | in muscular layer of digestive tract for GI motility |
| Meissner's Plexus | in the submucosa to promote secretions |
| Mouth | ptyalin |
| stomach | cheif cells, parietal cells, gastrin |
| chief cells | pepsinogen in the presence of HCl becomes pepsin, Rennin clots milk |
| parietal cells | produce HCl and intrinsic factor |
| gastrin | helps with protein digestion |
| duodenum | makes cholecystokinin and secretin |
| secretin | stimulates the flow of pancreatic juice and decreases gastric motility |
| cholecystokinin | a hormone responsible for contraction of the gall bladder when fat is present |
| pancreas | lipase, amylase, maltase |
| trypsinogen | activated by enterokinase in intestine |
| trypsin and chymotrypsin | split proteins |
| SA node | pacemaker. self excitatory to the internodal pathways to the AV node (delays impulse) then teh the AV bundle (of His) to the purkinje system which conducts the impulse to the ventricles |
| P wave | atrial depolarization |
| QRS wave | ventricular depolarization (atrial repolarization) |
| T wave | ventricular repolarization |
| Diastole | period of ventricular relaxation |
| Systole | period of ventricular contraction |
| first heart sound | closure AV valves during isometric contraction "LUB" |
| second heart sound | closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves during isometric relaxation at the beginning of diastole |
| Dicrotic notch | the small downward deflection in teh arterial pulse or pressure contour immediately following the closure of the semilunar valves somethimes used as a marker for the end of systole or ejectin period (S-T) |
| Sterling's Law | Cardiac output is directly proportional to diastolic filling |
| baroreceptors | in the carotid and aortic arches, respond to changes in blood pressure |
| relaxed muscle | calcium is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. the calcium in the sarcoplasm is low, the ATP is attached to the myosin crossbridges. this prevents the combining of actin and myosin |
| the nerve impulse fires, then | calcium to be released at the myoneural junction which causes ACETYLCHOLINE release to the T tubules |
| ACETYLOCHOLINE release to the T tubules causes: | SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM to release CALCIUM |
| CALCIUM | binds with TROPOMYOSIN, TROPONIN leaving ACTIN free |
| ACTIN | combines with MYOSIN |
| ACTINOMYOSIN | reacts producing a contraction |
| CHOLINESTERASE | destroys ACETYLCHOLINE |
| calcium | goes back to the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and the myosin becomes inactivated |
| ADP | goes back to ATP |
| ATP | binds once again with myosin |
| Tropomyosin-troponin | reattaches to actin and bridges separate to reform they we have relaxation |
| action potential | inside the cell is K+ and Mg++, outside the cell is Na+ and Cl- |
| stimulation | increases membrane permeability to sodium |
| passive depolarization | Na+ goes into the cell by diffusion creating a change in electronegativity. K+ goes out of the cell. Cl- goes into the cell. Decreased membrane permeability to Na, K, and Cl. |
| Active transport | Na goes out of cell. K goes into cell. Repolarization occurs due to increased potassium conductance. moves back to resting membrane potential. |
| resting membrane potential | muscle: -90mV Neuron: -70mV |
| Absolute Refractory Period | when a second action potential can not be elicited |
| Relative Refractory Period | when a second action potential can be elicited, but must be a greater stimulus than the first. |
| Rheobase | minimum current strength for an action potential to occur |
| Chronaxie | time needed using 2x the rheobase for excitation |
| Transmission of impulse in CNS: excitatory | ACH, Norepinephrine, Glutamate, Dopamine and Serotonin |
| Transmission of impulse in CNS: inhibitory | Glycine, GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) |
| Transmission of impulse in PNS: NM junction: | ACH |
| Transmission of impulse in PNS: Autonomic NS | ACH and Norepinephrine |
| Acetylecholine ativates 2 receptors | Muscarine-effector cells of parasympath (stomach), and Nicotinic-skeletal muscle fibers, symp and parasym |
| Autonomic Nervous System divisions | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| sympathetic | fight or flight |
| parasympathetic | wine and dine |
| Sympathetic effects blood vessels in skin by: | vasoconstriction |
| Sympathetic effects blood vessels in muscle by: | vasodilation |
| Sympathetic effects the heart by: | increasing rate and force |
| Sympathetic effects the lungs and bronchi by: | dilating and deep breathing |
| Sympathetic effects the GI by: | decreasing secretions |
| Sympathetic effects peristalsis by: | decreasing it |
| Sympathetic effects eyes and pupuls by: | dilating them |
| Parasympathetic effects bl vessels/skin: | no |
| Parasympathetic effects bl vessels/muscles: | no |
| Parasympathetic effects heart by: | decreasing rate and force |
| Parasypmathetic effects lung and bronchi by: | constricting and shallow breaths |
| Parasympathetic effects peristalsis by: | increasing it |
| Parasympathetic effects eye and pupils by: | constricting them |
| Organs with sympathetic stimulation only: | Adrenal Medulla, Erector Pili Muscles (hair), Sweat Glands, Smooth muscles of arterioles that supply peripheral blood vessels for vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure |
| Alpha brain waves: | quiet, awake, disappears in sleep |
| Beta brain waves: | specific mental activity or tension REM |
| Delta brain waves: | deep sleep, infancy, brain disorders, non-REM |
| Theta brain waves: | disappoinment, frustration, normal in children, stress in adults. seen in second and third stage of sleep, non-REM |
| Kidney Circulation | renal artery -> interlobar -> interlobular -> arcuate -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus |
| Glomerulus | filters the blood, no active transport, no protein passes through, glucose goes through |
| Tubular reabsorption and secretion from the glomerular filtrate into the peritubular capillaries acts by: | diffusion or active transport |
| proximal tubule | maximum glucose reabsorbed, 65% of water reabsorbed, most Na+, Cl- and glucose reabsorbed. All amino acids reabsorbed |
| Loop of Henle: Desecnding limb | osmotic pressure moves water into the interstitial tissue thus concentrating the urine |
| Loop of Henle: Ascending limb | NaCl can pass through the tubule into the tissues, but here it is impermeable to water |
| Distal tubule | Na+, Cl- and water are reabsorbed, K+ and H+ secreated. Aldosterone has the most influence. |
| Collecting duct | hormone control of water, reabsorption of filtrate, ADH makes collecting ducts more or less permeable to water |
| Peritubular capillaries: | colloid osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure promote reabsorption here |
| Urine flows from: | collecting ducts-> pyramids-> minor calyces-> major calyces-> renal pelvis-> ureter-> bladder-> urethra |
| Water is impermeable where? | ascending loop |
| Aldosterone has most influence where? | distal tubule |
| What has hormonal contral of H2O? | collecting duct |
| Where does ADH play a role? | collecting duct |
| Where does osmotic pressure promote reabsorption? | peritubular capillaries |
| renin | produced by the JG cells in response to: a decrease in blood pressure, and a decrease in blood volume (detected by afferent arteriole). Released into the blood |
| Angiotensinogen | in the blood, produced by liver |
| renin cleaves angiotensinogen | angiotensin I |
| ACE | in lungs; angiotensin converting enzyme; converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II |
| Angiotensin II | stimulates thirst, constricts blood vessels, stimulates ADH, stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone. |
| Aldosterone | secreted from the zona glomerulosa, reabsorbs sodium and water, excretes K+ from distal tubule |
| ADH has greatest affect on collecting duct by: | increasing H2O absorption which increases blood volume thus diluting Na+ concentration and increasing blood pressure |
| P wave | atrial depolarization |
| QRS complex | ventrical depolarization (covers atrial repolarization) |
| T wave | repolarization of the ventricle |
| U wave | repolarization of papillary muscle |
| Primary Heart Block | elongation of PR interval |
| Secondary Heart Block | winkbocks phenomena= elongation of P-R til 2 atrial depolarizations show up |
| Complete Heart Block | no QRS wave (bundle branch) |
| Digestion in the Mouth | Ptylinogen-ptyin (salivary amalase): breaks down starch |
| Digestion in the Stomach | Chief Cell,Parietal Cells, and Mucosa Cells |
| Chief Cells | Pepsiogen-pepsin: breaks down proteins in stomach |
| Parietal cells | HCl-activates pepsinogen, Intrinsic Factor-for B12 |
| Muscosa Cells | Gastrin-increase gastric secretions |
| Digestion in Small intestine | Secretin, Enterogastrone, Enterokinase, Cholecystokinin |
| Secretin | Increase pancreatic secretion of amylase and lipase and buffers acid chyme from stomach |
| Enterogastrone | Closes pyloric sphincter in response to fats (lipids) |
| Enterokinase | converts-trypsinogen to trypsin and chymotrypsiogen to chymotrypsin (breaks down proteins) |
| Cholecystokinin | Causes gallbladder to release bile and closes pyloric sphincter, stops action of gastrin in stomach |
| Parathyroid Gland | PTH: takes calcium out of bone and puts it into blood. Effected by low blood calcium levels |
| Thyroid Gland | Calcitonin: Takes calcium out of blood and puts it into bone. Effected by high blood calcium levels |
| Adrenal Cortex | Aldosterone: mineralocorticoid, from zona glomerulosa, saves sodium, gets rid of potassium. Effected by high potassium levels. Secreted in response to angiotension II |
| Adrenal Medulla | Epinephrine/Adrenalin and Norepinephrine/Noradrenalin: raises blood sugar from the liver |
| Ovaries (female secondary sex characteristics) | Progesterone: prepares endometrium for implantation. Estrogen: Maintains endometrial lining of uterus |
| Testes | Testosterone: male sex characteristics |
| convergence and spatial synapse | bunch of nerves firing on 1 cell body |
| temporal synapse | 1 nerve firing a bunch of times |
| Divergence synapse | 1 neuron firing on many cell bodies |
| Increase physical activity | blood flow in brain remains constant |
| depolarization | becomes more positive |
| repolarization | resting; prevent diffusion of ions |
| action potential starts at: | axon hillock |
| passive filling | resting/diastole |
| cortisol | increase protein breakdown |
| progesterone | secreted durin 2nd and 3rd trimester |
| C-fibers | burning achy pain |
| Na/K/ATP-ase Pump | 3 Na in, 2 K out |
| Amount of calcium determines: | amount of neurotransmitter released |
| monosynaptic reflex transmission | stretch |
| alcohol inhibits | ADH |
| decreased sympathetic: | decreaed peripheral atrial pressure |
| increased aortic pressure: | decrease stroke volume |
| metabolic acidosis: | PCO2 high than normal |
| Pain=algesia | free nerve endings, tickle, itch, temperature. Greatest number: tip tongue, lips, genitalia, finger tips. Least number: upper arm, buttock, trunk. |
| Mechanoreceptors | end bulbs of Krause for pressure (encapsulated) |
| Temperature perception | Corpuscles of Ruffini for pressure. Temperature distinction between 2-5 degrees. (encapsulated and multi-branched) |
| Muscle Spindles | Stretch (dynamic and static) |
| Pacinian Corpuscles | Pressure, vibration (encapsulated) |
| Meissner's Corpuscles | Fine touch (Dorsal Columns), located on non-hairy skin (encapsulated) |
| Merkel's Discs | General touch (Anterior Spinothalamic Tract), also hair follicles, "Iggo Dome Receptors" when grouped |
| Excitatory Transmitters | norepinephrine, glutamate, nitric oxide |
| Inhibitory Transmitters | norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine, glycine, GABA |
| Locus ceruleus nucleus (pons) | "adrenal gland of the brain"- epinephrine |
| blood clotting | injury, constriction, platelet plug, clot, repair |
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum | cell membrane in skeletal and cardiac muscle |
| T-tubules | send action potential into muscle, calcium release |
| H band | myosin ONLY |
| Cerebral Sensory Areas: | somatosensory, visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, Wernicke's |
| Somatosensory | postcentral gyrus (parietal lobe) |
| Visual | Occipital lobe striate cortex, calcarine fissure |
| Auditory | Superior temporal gyrus (Heschl's gyrus) |
| Gustatory | Base of postcentral gyrus |
| Olfactory | Medial temporal lobe |
| Wernicke's | "Receptive" portion of language (superior temporal lobe) |
| Cerebral Motor Areas | Motor, premotor, Broca's |
| Motor | precentral gyrus (frontal lobe) |
| Premotor | skilled movements (anterior to motor cortex) |
| Broca's | "Expressive" portion of language (inferior posterior frontal lobe) |
| Diencephalon | Thalamus & Hypothalamus |
| Thalamus | Main relay between the cortex & spinal cord |
| Hypothalamus | Controls ANS and endocrine system, controls body temperature, food intake, thirst & aggression. Helps maintain waking state and sleep. Limbic system (between cerebral cortex & hypothalamus) assists with the control of emotional behavior, drive & memory. |
| Brain Stem & Hind Brain | Cerebellum, Midbrain, Pons, Medulla |
| Cerebellum | coordination of muscle contractions |
| Midbrain | superior colliculi coordinates eyeball movement in response to visual stimuli. Inferior colliculi coordinates head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli. It is the origin of CN's III, IV. |
| Pons | Pneumotaxic and apneustic areas help control breathing & is the origin of CN's V, VI, VII, VIII |
| Medulla | Reticular formation help control consciousness, arousal, vital reflex centers, regulates heartbeat, breathing (with pons), and blood vessel diameter. Coordinates swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and hiccupips |
| Origin for CN's VIII, IX, X, XI, XII | Medulla |
| Influx of sodium | depolarization |
| efflux of potassium | repolarization |
| no A-P available | absolute refractory |
| A-P available with increase potential | Relative refractory |
| Normal heart valves: S1 | closing of mitral & tricuspid (A-V valves) |
| Normal heart valves: S2 | closing of aortic & pulmonic (semilunars) |
| Murmurs | diastolic murmurs are the most clinically significant |
| an influx of Na+ causes | depolarization |
| potassium leaving the neuron | repolarization |
| a cell at its "resting membrane potential" | polarized |
| closing of sodium gates | depolarization |
| reduction in membrane potential relative to resting membrane | depolarization |
| membrane potential becomes more negative | hyperpolarization |
| membrane becomes more positive inside | depolarization |
| what happens at threshold? | action potential creation |
| what is the resting membrane potential value? | -70mV |
| What is threshold potential value? | -55mV |
| Immediately following an Action Potential, if a nerve cannot produce an action potential? | absolute refractory period |
| Immediately following an Acion Potential, if a nerve can produce an action potential with increased stimulus? | Relative Refractory Period |
| What type of nerve is related to epinephrine? | adrenergic |
| What type of nerve is related to choline? | Cholinergic |
| What neurotransmitter is at the myoneural junction? | Acetylcholine |
| Parasympathetic Neurotransmitter | Acetylcholine |
| Sympathetics use Acetylcholine where? | Preganglionic |
| Locus ceruleus nucleus "adrenal gland of the brain" | epinephrine |
| What part is derived from neural crest cells? | Adrenal medulla |
| Name the cortical layers from outside in? | Zona Glomerulosa, Fasciculata, & Reticularis |
| What part secretes androgens? | Zona Reticularis |
| What part secretes corticosteroids? | Zona Fasciculata |
| What does the adrenal medulla secrete? | Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Waht does the Zona glomerulosa secrete? | Aldosterone |
| What part acts as a "sympathetic ganglion"? | Adrenal medulla |
| Which cells secrete surfactant? | type II (granular) pneumocytes |
| IRV+ ERV+ TV is called | vital capacity (4800mL) |
| Air remaining after forceful expiration | residual volume (1200mL) |
| muscle that accounts for 75% of inspiration volume | diaphragm |
| surfactant serves to | reduce surface tension & prevent alveolar collapse |
| most important extracellular buffer | bicarbonate |
| most important intracellular buffer | phosphate |
| most plentiful buffer | protein |
| Pneumotaxic center prevents | lung overinflation |
| Apneustic center prevents | turn off of inspiration (keeps you breathing) |
| Herring-Breuer reflex | respiratory stretch receptors prevents lung over-strethcing |
| Normal oral temperature (C & F) | 37 C and 98.6 F |
| main source of body heat production | muscle contraction |
| main source of body heat in infants only | brown fat (high metabolic rate) |
| what happens to cutaneous blood vessels when cold | vasoconstriction |
| what happens to respiration when hot | increases ("panting") |
| main center with reflex responses activated by cold | posterior hypothalamus |
| main center with reflex responses activated by heat | anterior hypothalamus |
| calcitonin (1/1) blood calcium? | decreases |
| insulin is secreted by which cells | beta cells of the pancreas |
| salivary amylase | ptyalin |
| where are brunner's glands located? | duodenum |
| where does B12 absorption occur | ileum |
| which cells release pepsinogen? | chief cells of the stomach |
| what substance causes gall bladder contraction? | cholecystokinin |
| who has greater compliance arteries or veins? | veins (24x greater) |
| amount of blood pumped out per beat? | stroke volume |
| average stroke volume | 70-80 mL/min |
| Amount of blood pumped by the heart in time period | cardiac output |
| cardiac output calculation | stroke volume x heart rate |
| heat transfer as infrared rays | radiation |
| liquid turning to vapor | evaporation |
| heat transfer between objects | conduction |
| heat transfer of molecules away from area of contact | convection |
| cardiac tissue with the fastest conduction rate? | purkinje fibers (4 m/s) |
| The SA node is AKA | pacemaker |
| heart innervated by | vagus |
| atrial depolarization occurs during what wave? | P |
| Atrial repolarization occurs during what wave? | QRS |
| Ventricular depolarization occurs during what wave? | QRS |
| Ventricular repolarization occurs during what wave? | T |
| Name the AV valves. | mitral & tricuspid |
| Which AV is on the right side? | tricuspid |
| Mitral stenosis murmur occurs during? | Diastole |
| Name the semilunar valves? | aortic & pulmonic |
| What happens between atrial & ventricular systole? | Isovolumetric ventricle contraction |
| Where are the arterial circulation baroreceptors? | Carotid sinus & aortic arch |
| the most common type of hypertension> | Essential (aka primary) |
| afferent arteriole leads | into glomerulus |
| efferent arteriole leads | out of glomerulus |
| which one affects the pressure of the glomerulus? | afferent |
| ADH lives in the | collecting duct |
| ADH regulates | Water only |
| Where does counter current concentration occur? | Loop of Henle |
| Which part of the kidney does filtration? | Bowman's capsule |
| Where is the ACE made? | lungs |
| Angiotensin II does what to the vessels | constricts |
| Cholinergic | parasym and symp |
| Adrenergic | symp |
| Contricts pupils | parasym |
| Increases heart rate | symp |
| Pre-acetylcholine | symp |
| post-norepinephrine | symp |
| decreases heart rate | parasymp |
| alpha waves | 8-13 cycles per second |
| Beta waves | 14-25 cycles per second "asynchronous" |
| theta waves | 4-7 cycles per second |
| delta waves | 1-3 cycles per second, normal deep sleep |
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