BIO 220 Final Exam 3
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| The amount of air breathed in or out during normal respiration | Tidal Volume
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| The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ____ | Vital Capacity
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| Respiratory control centers are located in the ________ and _______ | Medulla and Pons
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| The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume | Inspiratory Reserve Volume
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| Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________ | Diffusion
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| How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood? | Bicarbonate ions in plasma
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| Know the gross anatomy of both lungs | Right=3 lobes
Left=2 lobes and cardiac notch
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| Know role of the pleura | Reduces friction during breathing
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| provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange | Alveoli
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| The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________ | Alveolar wall+capillary wall=basement membrane
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| Factors that promote oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin include | Pressure of O2 (PO2), temp, pH of blood, pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), concentraions of PBG
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| The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________ | Concentration of O2 and or total atmospheric pressure lower at higher altitudes
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| Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ______ | Ciliated mucous lining in the nose
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| Components of Interstitial fluid | High: sodium, chloride, calcium and bicarbonate
Low: Potassium, magnesium, phosphate, bicarbonate
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| Components of Blood plasma | High: sodium, chloride, calcium and bicarbonate
Low: Potassium, magnesium, phosphate, bicarbonate
Less chloride
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| Components of Intracellular fluid | High: potassium, magnesium, phosphate and sulfate
Low: Sodium, chloride and bicarbonate
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| The body’s water volume is closely tied to the level of _______ ions | Sodium
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| The main physiological cause of Respiratory acidosis is ____________ | failure of ventilation
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| Name the three chemical buffer systems | Bicarbonate, phosphate, plasma proteins
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| Chlamydia trachmomatis bacteria, most common bacterial STI | Chlamydia
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| human papillomavirus (HPV) 2nd most common STI | Genital warts
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| Treponema pallidum | Syphilis
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| human herpes virus type 2 – most difficult to control | Genital herpes
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| Neisseria gonorrhoeae (“the clap”) | Gonorrhea
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| Sperm enhanced and membrane of egg fragile | Capacitation
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| Blastula fuses to uterine wall | Implantation
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| Establishing 3 primary germ layers | Gastrulation
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| Morula --> Blastocyst | Cleavage
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| The embryonic stage lasts until the end of the ________week | Eighth
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| The embryo is directly enclosed in and protected by the _________ | Amnion
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| In fetal circulation, one way in which blood bypasses the lungs is by way of the __________ | Foramen ovale
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| It is impossible for sperm to be functional (able to fertilize the egg) until they undergo _______ | Capacitation
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| During the first trimester ________ produces Estrogen and Progesterone | Corpus luteum
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| The two enzymes that act to break down the protective barriers around the egg, allowing the sperm to penetrate are ___________ and ________ | Protease, hyaloronidase
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| Name the embryonic germ layers | Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
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| The hormone which maintains the viability of the corpus luteum is _______ | Human chorianic gonadotropin (HCG)
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| The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________ | Mesenteries
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| The walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen | Muscoa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
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| Name the factors that help create the stomach mucosal barrier | Thick bicarbonate coating, tight junctions and quick replacement of cells
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| 137. The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________ | Lamina propria
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| This hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile | Cholestokinin
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| Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach? | Parietal cells
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| Pepsinogen is secreted by the ________ | Chief cells
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| Name the components of the renal corpuscle | Glomerulus – cluster of capillaries in nephron of kidney; makes filtrate and Bowman’s capsule – surrounds glomerulus
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| The ____ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney | Arcuate
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| The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________ | regulating rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic BP
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| The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________ | Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg)
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| Name the components of The filtration membrane | endothelium, basement membrane, podocytes
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| The macula densa cells respond to _______ | changes in the solute content of the filtrate
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| The fluid in the Bowman's capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________ | plasma protein
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| Why does Alcohol acts as a diuretic? | inhibits release of ADH
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| Name The functions of angiotensin II | constrict artioles and increase BP
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| A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is _____ | diabetes insipidus
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| Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body | nephron->collecting duct->minor calyx->major calyx->ureter->urethra
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| The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the _______ | glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg)
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| If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean? | normally all glucose if reabsorbed
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| increased levels of potassium | Hyperkalemia
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| increased levels of magnesium | Hypermagnesemia
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| Increased levels of sodium | Hypernatremia
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| Decreased levels of calcium | Hypocalcemia
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| Decreased levels of sodium | Hyponatremia
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| Aldosterone regulated ______ and ______ in an antagonistic fashion | Sodium and potassium
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| The two organs that function as the most important physiological buffer systems are _____, _____ | Kidneys and lungs
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| The three methods for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood are | chemical buffer systems, repsiratory changes and renal mechanism (urinary mechanism)
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