Chaper 18 Urinary system
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| What does the Urinary system consist of? | 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder and Urethra
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| Urine gets rid of waste products in the form of cells, what does it get rid of? | Urea, Creatinine and Ammonia
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| How do teh kideney regulate blood volume? | By excreting ofr conserving water.
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| How do the kideys regulate electrolites | excreting or conserving water.
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| How do the kidney regulate Ph? | By excreting or conserving ions
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| Where are the kidneys located? | Superior posterior abdominal cavity under the lower ribs on both sides of the spine.
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| What are they embedded in for protection? | Adipose tissue
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| What is the covering that holds the kidneys in place? | Renal fascia
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| what is the medial indentation where structures enter and exit the kidney | the Hilus
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| What are the 2 structural sares (internal) of the kidney. | Renal cortex, Renal medulla, Renal Pelvis
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| Where is the Renal cortex located? | The outer layer
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| In the Renal Cortes there is Renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules of the _______? | Nephrons
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| In the Renal Medulla there are Renal pyramids, what are they | The are loops of Henle and the collecting tubules of the nephron also the papilla.
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| Where is the renal pelvis located? | in a space that is a widened area of teh ureturs.
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| The calyces of the renal pelive do what to the papillae of teh renal pyramids? | encloses
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| The nepron is a functional unit of the kidney | true
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| There are 1 million nephrons in each kidney | true
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| The nephron forms urine from the blood | True
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| what are 2 major parts of the nephron? | The renal corpusclesand blood vessels.
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| In reh renal corpuscles what is teh capillary network that starts from an afferant arteriole and ends as efferant arteriole | Glomerulus
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| Efferent arteriole is smaller or larger the the afferent to increase the blood pressure in the glomerulus? | smaller
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| where is the Bowmans capsule (aka glomerular) located? | surrounds the glomerulus
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| How many layers does the Bowmans capsule have | 2
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| what is the inner layer of teh bowmans capsule made of? | podo cytes
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| what to the podo cytes in the bowmans capsule cover | the glomerular capillaries
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| Gaps make the glomerular capillaries highly _______? | perimable
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| The outer layer of Bowmans capsule is the expanded end of what | the renal tubule
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| The space between teh 2 layers of teh Bowmans capsule contains what | Ranal filtrate
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| The filtrate eventually becomes what | urine
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| what is the continuation of the outer glomerular capsule | the renal tubule
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| what are the 3 parts of the renal tubual | the Proximal convoluted tubual (cortex), the Loop of Henle (aka Lupe of teh Nephron)(medulla), and the distal convoluted tubule (cortex)
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| The renal tubules are covered in what which arises from efferent arteroles | partublar capillaries
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| The distal tubules of several nephrons empty into what | a collecting tubule
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| Several collecting tubules coverge to form a what? | Papillary duct
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| How many major process are in urine formation | 3
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| what is the first major process in urine formation | glomerular filtration
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| what is glomerular filtration? | blood pressure forces plasma, dissolved substances and small proteins (collectively called renal filtrate) out of glomeruli into Bowman capsules ( low pressure)
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| Renal filtrate contains waste products and useful non-waste products they are similar to plasma except what | they have no large proteins
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| Glomerular filtration rate- the amount of reanal filtrate is formed in how long | a minute
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| Tubular reabsorption from the renal tubules to the _________ | Peritubular
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| what is the percent of filtrate is reabsorption in tubual reabsorption | 99%
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| 65% of teh reabsorption takes place in teh what | promixal convoluter tubles
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| The rest of filetate is reabsorbed in what and where | In the Lupe of Henle and in the distal convoluted tubules
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| What are the mechanisms of reabsorption | avtive transport, passive transport,osmosis,and Pinocytosis
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| in avtive transprot it uses what to actively transport useful materials from the filtrate back to the blood. | ATP
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| Does passive transport require energy | no
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| osmosis is waster follows soultes | true
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| what is active process where the larger molecules are engulfed by the cell membrane of the proximal convoulted tubule | Pinocytosis
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| What is tubular secretion | active transport from the pertubual capillaries to the renal tubuales
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| what are the hormones that affect water reabsorption | aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, and antiduretic hormone
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| Does aldosterone in crease or decrease the reabsorption of Na+ and the excretion of K+ and blood pressure | Increases
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| Does atrial natriuretic peptide increase or decrease the reabsorption of Na+ and blood pressure | decreases
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| does antidiuretic hormone increase or decrease the reabsorption of H2o and blood pressure | increases
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| kidneys are the main factor in blood pH | true
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| 3 other kidney functions are | Secretion of Renin, Secretion of erythropoietin, activation of VIT D
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| the secretion of Renin leads to the realease of what | angiotensin II and aldrosterone.
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| what does the secretion of erthropoietin do | stimulates RBC production
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| Other forms of Vit D are converted to what thisis the most active for of vit D | to calcitrol
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| Uriters are what that fo from each hilus to posteroinferior urinary bladder | paired tubes
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| smoothe muscle in urters move urine with | peristalsis
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| as teh bladder fills it compresses the inferior urter to prevent what | back flow
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| the urinary bladder is a muscualr sac that is located | below the peritoneum posterior to the pubic bone
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| how much urine can a bladder hold | 800ml
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| what permits the expansion of the bladder | transitional epithelium
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| what is the shape of the destusor muscle | sphere shaped
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| what is the detrusor muscle | an involuntary muscle layer superficial to epitheliumj.i
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| what is the internal urethral sphincter | fibers of the detrusor
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| is teh unternal urethral sphincter voluntary or involunary | involuntary
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| ____________ is a single tube from teh bladder to vagina or penis | Urethra
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| the external urethral sphincter is made of what | Skelatal muscle on the pelvis floor
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| is the external urethral sphincter involunatry or voluntary | voluntary
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| the Urethra is longer in men | true
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| what are the parts of a male urethra | prostatic urethra, membranars, cavernous uretha, they carry urine and semen
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| What is another name for urination | micturition or voiding
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| is urination a spinal cord reflex | yes
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| urination reflex is stimulated by the stretching of what muscle | destrusor
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| at what point does the sensation to urinate | when the bladder has 200-400 ml
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| what is the amount of urine output in a day | about 2 liters
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| Oligura is what | descrease urination
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| what causes oliguria | sweating and decreased fluid intake
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| what is polyuria | increased urination
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| what causes polyuria | diabetes, excess fluid intake, alcohol, caffine, diuretics
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| the yellow byproduct of bile breakdown in what | urochrome
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| when urochrome is concentrated is it lighter or darker in color | darker
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| if urochrome is diluted is it lighter of darker in color | lighter
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| what clor should freshly voided urine be | should be clear not cloudy
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| what is specific gravity | a measure of dissolved materials
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| if the specific gravity is higher it is | more concentrated
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| if the specific gravity is lower is it | diluted
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| What is the pH balance in urine | 4.6-8.0 avg is 6
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| what is normal urine constituents | 95% water, 5% excess salts and waste products
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| what does nitrogenous waste contain | nitrogen
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| what is formed in the liver from breakdown of AA"s | Urea
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| Creatinine if breakdown of creatine phosphate in what | the muscles
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| what is the breakdown of nucleic acids | uric acid
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| urobilin is from hemoglobin of what | dead RBCs
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